Psych assesment

Question 1

Retrieval failure

Answer 1

Retrieval failure is where the information is in long-term memory, but cannot be accessed (remembered) because the retrieval cues are not present.

Question 2

Retrieval cue

Answer 2

A retrieval cue is a hint or clue that can help retrieval. When we store a new memory, we also store information about the situation. These are known as retrieval cues.

Question 3

Retrieval cues can be…

Answer 3

external/context — cues in the environment, e.g. smell,
place internal/state — cues inside us, e.g. physical, emotional, mood

Question 4

An experiment conducted by Tulving and Pearlstone (1966)

Answer 4

• asked participants to learn lists of words belonging to different categories
• those who were given the category names recalled substantially more words than those who were not.
• Tulving and Pearistone argued that cue-dependent forgetting explains the difference between the two groups of participants (Those who recalled fewer words lacked appropriate retrieval cues)
• Tulving (1974) argued that information would be more easily retrieved if the cues present when the information was encoded were also present when the memory is retrieved.
• suggested that information about the physical surroundings (external context) and about the physical or psychological state of the person (internal context) is stored at the same time as memory is formed.

Question 5

Tulving (1974) recall theory summery

Answer 5

reinstating the state or context makes recall easier, but retrieval failure occurs when appropriate cues are not present

Question 6

Baddeley (1975)

Answer 6

• Baddeley asked deep-sea divers to memories a list of words.
• One group did this on the beach and the other group underwater.
• Half of the underwater group remained there and the others had to recall on the beach.
• The results show that those who had recalled in the same environment (i.e. context) in which they had learned recalled 40% more words than those recalling in a different environment.
• This suggests that the retrieval of information is improved if it occurs in the context in which it was learned.

Question 7

Abstract

Answer 7

• how different environments affect an individual’s ability to recall
• 20 participants, 5 male, 15 female with 6, 16-year-olds and 14, 17-year-olds at SMACS
• recall a list of 14 random words, presented to all students in a consistent classroom simultaneously
• ordered to remain seated until one minute had passed, then were moved
• students recalled information inside 7, outside 4
• Individuals who remain in their original learning environment will recall more than the group sent outside, which was supported by evidence from past experiments. - shows us how the retrieval of information is improved if it occurs in the context in which it was learned.

Question 8

Introduction

Answer 8

• Retrieval failure is where information is in long-term memory but cannot be accessed (remembered) because retrieval cues are not present, can be external/context, or internal/state.
• Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) participants learn lists of words belonging to different categories
• Those who were given the category names provided a context,
• Tulving (1974) information easily retrieved if the cues present when the information was encoded were also present when the memory is retrieved.
• supporting- Baddeley (1975) indicates the importance of setting for retrieval.
• memorise a list of words, one group beach and the other, underwater.
• those who had recalled in the same environment in which they had learned recalled 40% more
• Individuals who remain inside in their original learning environment, to recall the words will recall more

Question 9

Previous research conducted by FRANCISKA KOENS, OLLE TH.J. TEN CATE and EUGÈNE J.F.M. CUSTERS (2003),

Answer 9

• sixty-three clerks were randomized over 2 conditions, contrasting a clinical (bedside) with an educational (classroom) environment
• asked to recall a patient case and a list of words in the same environment or in the opposite environment as where they learned it.
• found a slight tendency towards better recall of the case description when learning took place in the clinical environment.

Question 10

Maria Chocholačkova et al. 2023

Answer 10

• 92 students of psychology were placed in a computer-generated indoor virtual environment and asked to memorize the presented lists of words
• afterwards placed in alternative environment
• did not observe a separate effect of exposure to different environments during learning and recall of material on memory performance.

Question 11

Method

Answer 11

• population of the experiment involved Year 12 ATAR psychology students.
• sample SMACS Year 12 ATAR psychology students. (convenience sampling)
• to select which group random allocation was used
• 20 participants of which, 5 were male and 15 were female, with 6, 16-year-olds and 14, 17-year-olds.
• manipulation of independent variable to find out how many words recalled
• presented to all students in a quiet, well-lit classroom simultaneously.
• remain seated for one minute
• materials used :1 speaker, 14 random words on a piece of paper, and one pen and paper
• sign a consent form before participation, offered support after, right to leave at any moment without pressure, not contain their personal information, they get a copy of the results.

Question 12

Cullum graph summery

Answer 12

Results showed us that students who were made to recall information inside the classroom in their original learning environment, had an average of recall ability of 7 words, while individuals made to recall the list of words outside the classroom had an average recall of 4 words.

Question 13

Discussion

Answer 13

• Individuals who remain inside will recall more words supported by the evidence.
• FRANCISKA KOENS, OLLE TH.J. TEN CATE and EUGÈNE J.F.M. CUSTERS (2003) found that there does appear to be a slight tendency towards better recall of the provided case description when learning took place in the clinical environment.
• Maria Chocholačkova et al. (2023), stating despite the assumptions, it was not observe that a separate effect of exposure to different environments during learning, impacted recall
• causation does not equal correlation, IQ base rates, personality features and extraneous variables impact.
• uncontrolled variables included the movement and walking, and noise
• avoided by using VR headsets,
• In this study, it was hypothesized that individuals who remained indoors for word recall would perform better than those sent outdoors,
• FRANCISKA KOENS, OLLE TH.J. TEN CATE, and EUGÈNE J.F.M. CUSTERS (2003), suggested a slight advantage in recall when learning in a clinical environment.
• Conversely, recent research by Maria Chocholačkova et al. (2023) found no significant impact of exposure to different environments on memory performance, highlighting the complex interplay of variables influencing recall
• Uncontrolled variables such as participant movement and environmental noise introduced limitations to this experiment, suggesting the potential for virtual reality technology to mitigate such factors in future studies.