Memory pt. 1

Question 1

three processes of sensation and definition

Answer 1

reception, transduction, transmission
- a physiological process involving sensory receptors detecting and responding to the presence of stimuli.
- An automatic physical reaction to a stimulus

Question 2

Types of stimulus energy and there corresponding organs

Answer 2

• Electromagnetic radiation- sight- eyes
• Sound waves- audition- ears.
• Chemical energy- olfaction- nose
• Chemical energy- gustation- tongue
• Mechanical and thermal energy- touch, pressure, pain, temperature- skin

Question 3

Reception in sensation

Answer 3

when sensory receptor cells detect a stimulus (or change). If the stimulus is strong enough to activate a response, then transduction begins.

Question 4

Transduction in sensation

Answer 4

the conversion of stimulus energy into electrochemical energy. This is necessary because the nervous system can only transmit and process electrochemical energy.

Question 5

Transmission in sensation

Answer 5

when electrochemically charged neural impulses leave the receptor sites and travel along specific nerve fibers to specialized areas of the brain.

Question 6

three processes of perception and deffinition

Answer 6

• selection, organisation and interpretation
• The mental process of organising and interpreting sensory stimuli sent from the senses so it forms a mental representation.

Question 7

Selection in perception

Answer 7

the brain can’t process all the information it receives so it pays attention to the important pieces and ignores the rest.

Question 8

organisation in perception

Answer 8

the reassembling of features of sensory stimuli to make a whole or a meaningful pattern.

Question 9

Interpretation in perception

Answer 9

the brain now gives meaning to the reassembled pattern so we understand what the stimuli represents about the external world.

Question 10

The role of attention in memory

Answer 10

selective and divided
a voluntary or involuntary tendency to focus awareness on a specific stimulus and ignore other stimuli. It is part of our executive function and decision making processes. It allows us to focus on internal or external stimuli that may be of importance.

Question 11

What is memory

Answer 11

the cognitive function through which information and past experiences are actively processed, stored and retrieved.

Question 12

We tend to select stimuli for attention if:

Answer 12

• It is unusual or intense
• We are motivated to or expect to encounter a particular stimulus
• It is personally significant
• It is moving or changing
• It becomes repetitious

Question 13

Selective attention

Answer 13

• Involves being able to choose what stimuli to focus on and ignore all other stimuli.
  -Can be intentional or automatic and makes it difficult to focus on/pay attention to more than one thing at a time.

Question 14

Divided attention

Answer 14

-rapidly switching focus between 2 or more stimuli simultaneously.
- It is dependent on the types of tasks (how difficult they are, how similar they are and if they involve automatic or controlled processes)
- Dividing attention when trying to learn something causes you to share your cognitive load between multiple sources and is not efficient.

Question 15

what is the cocktail party effect

Answer 15

• the ability for an individual to be aware of multiple conversations occurring around them at the same time using divided attention, as well as using selective attention, where their focus is on one conversation and the rest are neglected.
• Cherry’s experiments demonstrate how we use divided attention via our awareness of simultaneous conversations in a crowded noisy space, and how we are able to focus our attention towards one conversation and subsequently disregard all other conversations using selective attention.

Question 16

cocktail party method

Answer 16

• Participants were tasked with singling out and repeating one of the speeches word-by-word or phrase-by-phrase.
  -Researchers marked down on the scripts the words and phrases that were correctly recognised by the participants. - While participants described the task as extremely difficult, with some replaying the tape up to twenty times, participants were generally successful in separating the speeches.

Question 17

Experiment one of the cocktail party

Answer 17

Participants used both ears when presented with two different spoken messages simultaneously. No headphones were worn for this experiment and the two speech recordings of entirely different topics were on the same tape.

Question 18

Experiment two of the cocktail party

Answer 18

-two recorded speeches were played concurrently to participants via headphones with one speech presented to the right ear and a different speech presented to the left ear.
- Participants were asked to verbally repeat back one of the messages while simultaneously listening to it.
- It was trickier to recall what the speech was about, even though they repeated it correctly. Participants were unable to describe what they were played in the other ear.

Question 19

Models for explaining memory.

Answer 19

processes of memory – encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 20

encoding process of memory

Answer 20

the process that converts information into a useable form that can be stored and represented in the memory system. The active processing of short term memory.

Question 21

Storage process of memory

Answer 21

the retention of information in the memory system over time. Encoded information is then stored (held or retained) in the memory system for a period of time - this is known as storage.

Question 22

Retreival process of memory

Answer 22

the process of brining relevant information from long term memory into short term memory/back into conscious awareness.

Question 23

features of the multi-store model of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) and deffinition

Answer 23

• visualises memory as a system consisting of multiple memory stores, through which a stream of data flows for processing.
• The memory system is divided into sensory register, short term memory, and log term memory.

Duration- the length of time information can be help for
Capacity the maximum amount of information able to be stored at a given time
Decay- the fading or decline of memory over time

Question 24

sensory register: duration, capacity, encoding

Answer 24

-to hold information just long enough for us to attend to it. -If information is attended to, it will transferred to STM.
- If we ignore information that enters our sensory memory, it fades rapidly.
Duration: brief, less than a second.
Capacity: unlimited capacity.
Encoding: visual and acoustic (mostly) but all sensory information can be encoded

Question 25

There are two main sensory registers for memory:

Answer 25

Sensory register: a subsystem of sensory memory that receives and stores specific sensory information received from a sense organ. Iconic - stores visual information (icon) - with a duration of 0.20 - 0.4 of a second Echoic - stores auditory information (echo) - with a duration of 3 - 4 seconds

Question 26

short term memory: duration, capacity, encoding

Answer 26

- holds all the thoughts, information and experiences that you are aware of at any given point in time and receives information from sensory memory and long-term memory. - your short-term memory immediately starts comparing new memories to the existing information you gained . -When short-term memory is full, new single items can be added only by dropping (displacing) some of the old ones. -limited capacity means short-term memory is very sensitive to interruption, making it very difficult for short-term memory to multitask Duration: approximately up to 30 seconds. Capacity: brief capacity of only 7 (+ or -2) pieces of information (magic number) Encoding: mostly acoustic/ the inner voice.

Question 27

Chunking

Answer 27

grouping separate items or numbers to form a larger single information unit (chunk) so our short-term memory can hold more than the usual seven single items of information at any given moment.

Question 28

long-term memory: duration, capacity, encoding

Answer 28

- Information in long-term memory is an organised manner based on its meaning and importance. - The reasons we cannot remember every long-term memory we have formed relate to an inability to retrieve information Duration: relatively permanent. Capacity: unlimited. Encoding: visual, auditory and semantic via elaborate rehearsal.

Question 29

Procedural memory

Answer 29

- A type of long-term memory for learnt actions and skills that can usually only be expressed as actions. -they often involve complicated sequences of movements that we are unable to articulate. -Procedural memories appear to register in low brain areas that are beyond conscious control.

Question 30

Declarative memory

Answer 30

- A type of long-term memory for specific factual information that can be expressed in words. - The long-term memory store for factual information, such as names, faces, words, dates and ideas. -expressed as words or symbols. - split into semantic and epesodic

Question 31

Declarative- Semantic memory

Answer 31

- impersonal factual knowledge about the world. - holds the factual information we use for making meaning so we understand the world around us.

Question 32

Declarative- episodic memory

Answer 32

-personally significant events associated with specific times and places. - vivid episodic memories are termed flashbulb memories which involve recalling exactly what you were doing and where you were when a particularly important, exciting or emotional event happened.

Question 33

features of the working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 2000)

Answer 33

central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer (2000)

Question 34

lan Baddeley and Graham Hitch (1974) suggest that...

Answer 34

short-term memory is not a single memory store that passively holds information but that it is an active, multi-component memory system that performs a variety of tasks.

Question 35

What is working memory?

Answer 35

- the subsystem of short-term memory that temporarily stores and manipulates a limited amount of information needed to perform cognitive tasks. - working memory encodes the information into long-term memory and also retrieves it from long-term memory. -holds all the information needed for cognitive activities, such as thinking, planning and analysis.

Question 36

Central executive

Answer 36

- an area of working memory that monitors, coordinates and integrates information received from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and episodic buffer -it plays a major role in attention and controls which items move in and out of short-term memory - plays a major role in planning and controlling behavior as it switches attention between tasks and selects strategies to tackle the problem

Question 37

Phonological loop

Answer 37

- an area of working memory that stores a limited number of sounds (speech-based and acoustic) received from the echoic memory and/or long-term memory - holds verbal information in the order in which words are presented and rehearsed, - activity is limited to the amount that can be said in two seconds and the phonological loop’s limited capacity

Question 38

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 38

-briefly stores the visual and spatial information that is received from sensory memory or long-term memory. -It deals with what information looks like (visual) and how it is laid out in space (spatial) by representing information in the form of visual features such as size, shape and colour, or the location or speed of objects in space.

Question 39

Episodic buffer

Answer 39

-briefly stores a limited amount of sound-based information from the phonological loop and visual and spatial information from the visuospatial sketchpad with information retrieved from long-term memory, and integrates it into a single multi-dimensional representation or ‘episode’.