Psych Flashcards
MCAT Kaplan Psych ALL Chapters
what cues are taken into account when <b>perceptually organizing</b>?
depth, form, motion, constancy
what do binocular cues provide?
“depth perception(due to retinal disparity)<div><br></br></div><div>Retinal disparity is defined as the way that your left eye and your right eye view slightly different images. … Retinal disparity is important in gauging how far away objects are. The more difference (or greater disparity) between the image each eye has of the same object, the closer it is to you.</div><div><img></img></div>”
what is convergence?
gives depth perception based on how much eyes are turned inward
what do <b>monocular</b> cues provide?
“<b>relative size</b><img></img><div><br></br></div><div><b>interpositon</b></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><b>relative height</b></div><div><b><br></br></b></div><div><b><img></img><img></img></b></div><div><br></br></div><div><b>shading/countour</b></div><div><b><br></br></b></div><div><img></img></div><div><b>motion (through motion parallax) - </b>things farther away move slower, closer moves faster</div><div><br></br></div><div><b>constancy - </b>perception of object doesn’t change even if the image cast on the retina is diferent. <i>size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy</i></div>”
how does your inner ear adapt to loud noises?
muscle contracts tympanic membrane to prevent damage
what is proprioception?
“sense of ““self in space”””
what is just noticeable difference? (and what is the weird vocab)
threshold at which you can <b>notice</b> a change in sensation (50% of the time)<div><br></br></div><div>If you’re inside/within/below the JND threshold you <b>CANT</b>notice a difference, if you’re outside/above the JND you <b>CAN</b>notice a difference</div><div><br></br></div><div>Remember JND threshold is <b>plus or minus</b></div>
weber’s law?
“the ratio of background intensity to incremental intensity is constant<div><br></br></div><div>ΔI = Ik</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is absolute threshold of sensation?
“minimum intensity of stimulus needed to correctly detect it 50% of the time<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div>”
what is a subliminal stimulus?
“stimulus that is just below our absolute threshold of sensation<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
thermoception
temperature
mechanoception
pressure
nociception
pain
proprioception
position
non adapting neuron
neuron fires at constant rate
slow adapting neuron
neuron fires rapidly at first then tapers off
fast adapting neuron
fires as soon as stimulus starts, stops, then starts up again once stimulus stops
what portion of the inner ear helps determine strength of rotation/movement of head?
“endolymph inside semicircular canals <div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
otolithic organs?
“utricle and saccule<div><br></br><div><b>calcium carbonate crystals</b> that drag hair cells with the help of gravity to determine linear acceleration</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
what is signal detection theory?
“discerning between important and unimportant stimuli.<div><br></br></div><div>can have hit, miss, false alarm, or correct rejection</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is d’ (d prime, signal detection theory)?
“strength of a signal<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is c (signal detection theory?)
strategy used
what is the liberal strategy (signal detection theory?)
always saying yes, youll get all the hits but might get false alarms
what is the conservative strategy? (signal detection theory)
always say no unless 100% sure, will correctly get all false rejections but might get some misses
what is bottom-up processing? accuracy level?
“stimulus affects our perception, data driven (<b>always right</b>)<div><br></br></div><div><b>Details</b> go to big picture</div><div><img></img></div>”
what is top-down processing?
“uses background knowledge to influence perceptions (cube illusion). theory driven<div><br></br></div><div>theory down to detail<br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
what is gestalt’s law of similarity?
“items similar to one another grouped together<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is gestalt’s law of pragnanz
“reality reduced to simplest form possible (think, olympic rings). instead of seeing 5 rings you see olympic logo<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is gestalt’s law of proximity?
“items that are close together are grouped together<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is gestalt’s law of continuity?
“lines are seen as following smoothest possible path<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is gestalt’s law of closure?
“objects grouped together are seen as whole (filling in a triangle where there is none, pacman shit)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is gestalt’s law of symmetry?
“you perceive symmetry in objects and forming around a central point<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the conjunctiva?
“thin layer of cells that line the inside of eyelids from the eye<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the cornea and its fxn?
“covers over pupil, serves to bend light primarily.<div>compose of thick connective tissue</div><div><br></br></div><div>anterior 1/6th</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the anterior chamber of the eye?
“filled with aqueous humor - provides pressure to maintain shape of the eyball - allows nutrients and minerals to supply cells of cornea/iris<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the aqeous humor?
composes the anterior chamber, provides support, in front of pupil
what is the pupil?
“opening in middle of iris. opens and closes due to iris contraction.<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the iris?
“gives the eye color - muscle that constricts/relaxes to change the size of the pupil<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the lens of the eye?
“located behind pupil, bends light towards fovea. changes shape based on suspentory ligaments<div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div>”
what is the ciliary body?
suspensory ligaments+ciliary muscle
what is the posterior chamber?
“area between iris and lens, filled with aqueous humor<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the vitreous chamber?
“filled with vitreous humor, jelly like substance, gives pressure to eye<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the retina?
“covers back of eye, contains many of the necessary photoreceptors<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the macula?
“area of retina with high cone density<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the fovea and why does it dimple in?
“special part of macula that has ONLY cones. Dimples in so there are no axons in the way from light directly hitting cones (higher detail)<div><br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
what do cones do?
detect color, high detailed shit
what do rods do
detect light, not as fine detail
what is the choroid?
“black pigmented network of blood vessels used to nourish the eye<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the sclera?
“thick fibrous tissue covering posterior 5/6 of eye. (1/6 covered by cornea)<div><img></img></div>”
what happens when light hits a rod?
rod turned OFF–>bipolar cell turned ON–>retinal ganglion cell turned ON–>goes to brain
what happens to retinal when struck by light?
converts from cis-retinal to all trans retinal
what are the basic steps of the phototransduction cascade?
“light hits retinal–>retinal changes conformation to trans–>rhodopsin protein changes conformation–><b>transducin</b> released–>transducin binds to phosphodiesterase–>lower levels of cGMP–>Na+ channels close–>rod turns OFF (hyperpolarized)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what are optic discs? (and alternate definition)
“located inside rods/cones. contain proteins that fire APs to brain<div><br></br></div><div>also term for Blind spot??</div><div><img></img></div>”
are there more rods or more cones?
more rods<div><br></br></div><div>20x more rods in each eye</div>
rods are specialized for perceiving?
light vs dark, black vs white, very sensitive to light vision
rods have a very ___ recovery time compared to cones,
<b>slow</b>. which is why takes time to adjust to a dark room
cones are found primarily in the
fovea<div><br></br></div><div>60% red</div><div><br></br></div><div>30% green</div><div><br></br></div><div>10% blue</div>
there is a blind spot in the eye where
the optic nerve connects
why is there higher resolution at the fovea?
“<b>no axons </b>in the way of light entering<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
the right visual field goes to the __ side of the brain
left
light from the left visual field will strike..
“the right temporal and left nasal retinas<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
light from the right visual field will strike the
“left temporal and right nasal retina<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
nerves from the nasal retinas cross over at the
“optic chiasm<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what are the 3 elements of feature detection? what sense is it used for?
“color, form, motion<div><br></br></div><div><div>Feature detection involves the perceptual discrimination of specific aspects of a given stimulus via feature detectors. Feature detectors are specific neurons that preferentially fire in response to very specific stimuli.</div><div><br></br></div><div>Feature detection occurs for all the senses but is most often described regarding vision. Feature detectors in the visual system respond to aspects of the visual stimulus, such as horizontal lines or right angles (among others). The visual system is organized such that feature detectors synapse on neurons that respond to more complex stimuli (eg, faces) localized in certain areas of the brain (eg, fusiform face area)</div><div><br></br></div><div>EXCLUSIVELY VISION<br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div></div>”
what is the parvo(cellular) pathway?
“<b>form</b> - spatial resolution, details, <b>color</b> - <b>cones, </b>bad at detecting motion<div><br></br></div><div>detects form and color, magno detects depth and motion<br></br><div><b><br></br></b></div><div><b>(ONLY STATIONARY - POOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION - time)<br></br></b><div><br></br></div><div>mnemonic: <b>p</b>ink <b>p</b>yramid (a type of ““form””/”“shape””)</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div></div>”
what is the magno(cellular) pathway?
“good at detecting motion (and depth according to uworld), rods responsible<div><br></br></div><div>HIGH TEMPORAL resolution (think time, motion)</div><div><br></br></div><div>POOR SPATIAL - no color</div><div><br></br></div><div>RODS</div><div><br></br></div><div>mnemonic: picture magneto moving shit</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div>”
what is audition?
our sense of sound
what are the 2 things needed to perceive sound?
“pressurized sound wave and hair cells in ear<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
higher or lower wavelength penetrated deeper into cochlea?
higher wavelength, smaller frequency, travels further<div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div>
what is the outer(visible) part of the ear known as?
“pinna<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what are the 3 bones in the inner ear?
“malleus, incus, stapes(hammer, anvil, stirrup). AKA ossicles<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
the stapes is attached to the ____
“oval window, pushes in when vibrating<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the function of the round window?
“bulges out when fluid pushes against it<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the organ of corti?
“basilar membrane/tectonic membrane that divide cochlea<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what portions of the ear are the outer ear?
“from pinna –> TM<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what portions of the ear are the middle ear?
“where the ossicles are<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what portions of the ear are the inner ear?
“the cochlea/semicircular canals <div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
the fluid pushes on what part of the hair cell?
“the hair bundle, composed of kinocilia<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what causes the action potiential to be sent down the auditory nerve?
“kinocilia within hair bundle move, connected to tip link, tip link movement allows K+ flow, K+ flow leads to Ca+2 flow, leading to AP sent to spiral ganglion cell which activates auditory nerve<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what frequencies can humans hear?
20Hz to 20kH
what is basilar tuning?
“how brain differentiates between different frequencies. hair cells at base of cochlea activated by high freq and apex of chochlea are activated by low freq (think, low freq means high wavelength so it travels faster)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is sensory adaptation and why is it important?
“receptor changing over time due to stimulus. can downregulate or upregulate (think hand on table, no change in pressure so receptor will stop firing until it changes again). Important because too much stimulation can kill cell (Ex. consitently releasing capsaicin for pain)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the somatosensory homunculus?
“map of body in brain, specific region of body has specific region in cortex<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is found in muscles that give us information about how they are <b>stretched</b>?
“spindle fibers (allow for proprioception)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is kinaesthesia and how is it different from proprioception?
“kinaesthesia is more behavioral while proprioception is more subconcious/cognitive.<div><br></br></div><div>kinaesthesia more related to <b>movement</b> than sense of position in space<div><br></br></div><div>Ex. teaching yourself how to hit a ball</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
what is the the TrpV1 receptor and how does it function?
“receptor that causes signaling for both heat and pain. Heat causes conformational change in the protein, poking disturbs thousands of cells which release molecules that activate the receptor (pain).<div><br></br></div><div>mnemonic: IMAGINE YOU TRIPPED ONTO LAVA (TRP), WOULDNT THAT SHIT HURT?</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what are alpha-beta fibers
“thick, lots of myelin. supah fast nerve conduction<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what are alpha-delta fibers
“smaller than alpha-beta, less myelin<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what are c fibers
“small, unmyelinated - lingering<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the collection of nerves, sitting above the cribiform plate, that allows olfaction?
“olfactury bulb, projected down into olfactory epilthelium with receptors<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what are the 5 main tastes?
“sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami(glutamate)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div>”
what is the labelled line model of gustatation?
“Each<span> </span>taste<span> </span>bud<span> </span>receptor<span> </span>has<span> </span>5<span> </span>axons,<span> </span>all<span> </span>which<span> </span>send<span> </span>separate<span> </span>taste<span> </span>information<span> </span>to<span> </span>different<span> </span>parts<span> </span>of<span> </span>the<span> </span>gustatory<span> </span>(taste)<span> </span>cortex.<span> </span>Remain<span> </span>separate<span> </span>to<span> </span>the<span> </span>brain.<span> </span>And<span> </span>they<span> </span>all<span> </span>synapse<span> </span>on<span> </span>diff<span> </span>parts<span> </span>of<span> </span>the<span> </span>gustatory<span> </span>(taste)<span> </span>cortex..<br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
sour and salty molecules rely on __
ion channels
bitter, sweet, and umami rely on ___
GPCR
what is conciousness?
awareness of self and environment<div><br></br></div><div>ranges from alertness to sleep</div>
what waves are alertness associated with?
“beta waves<div>12-30Hz</div><div><br></br></div><div><b>B</b>usy waves</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
“what waves are ““daydreaming”“/relaxed state associated with?”
“alpha waves<div>8-13 Hz</div><div><br></br></div><div><b>A</b>loof waves (slowing down)</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what waves are drowsiness associated with?
stage 1 - theta waves
N1 stage of sleep is dominated by
“Theta waves, hypnagonic hallucinations (Ex. Hearing doorbell, seeing flash of light), tetris effect (Ex. if playing tetris you may see blocks, if on boat you may feel rocking), hypnic jerks<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
N2 stage of sleep
“deeper than N1, precedes N3, see lots of theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is a sleep spindle?
“burst of brain activity thought to suppress certain perceptions<div><img></img></div>”
what is the N3 stage of sleep?
“slow wave sleep, mostly composed of delta waves, also encodes declarative/explicit memory<div><br></br></div><div><b>SLEEP WALKING/TALKING</b></div><div><b><br></br></b></div><div><b>3 is FOR TREE - A WALKING TALKING TREE - <i><u>DONT YOU FORGET THIS ONE</u></i><br></br></b><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
what is freud’s theory of dreams?
“<div>Dreams<span> </span>are<span> </span>our<span> </span>unconscious<span> </span>thoughts<span> </span>and<span> </span>desires<span> </span>that<span> </span>need<span> </span>to<span> </span>be<span> </span>interpreted.<span> </span></div><div>Little<span> </span>scientific<span> </span>support.<span> </span></div>”
what is the activation synthesis hypothesis of dreams?
“frontal cortex tries to make sense of random impulses from brain stem firing during REM sleep<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
sleep deprivation can lead to
“obesity, depression, mood disorders, poor memory<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
sleepwalking mostly occurs during __ stage of sleep
N3
breathing related disorders can take 3 forms:
“obstruction related, brain related, hypoventilation<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is hypnosis?
induced altered state of conciousness. more susceptible to power of suggestion<div><br></br></div><div>can create <b>false memories - </b>memories that incorporate hypnotizers expectations even when not intended</div>
what is meditation?
self induced altered state<div>increased alpha and theta waves</div><div>regular practitioners have greater ability to control attention</div><div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div>
what does a depressant do and what are the three catergories?
-suppresses CNS<div>-lowers HR and BP</div><div>-Vasodilate at low-moderate concentrate and vasoconstrict at high</div><div>-alcohol, barbiturates, benzos</div>
what does a stimulant do and what are some examples?
-stimulates CNS<div>-increase HR and BP</div><div>-vasoconstrict</div><div>-nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA</div><div>-similar effect to stress</div>
what does a hallucinogen do?
causes altered perception, pupil dilation, feeling of connectedness and mood swings
what is an opioid?
synthetic derivative of poppy seed, decrease CNS function but also act as analgesic (reduces perception of pain), vasodilator
cannabis/marijuana/weed has characteristics of
stimulants, hallucinogens, and depressants
opiates act on ___ receptors
endorphin
depressants act on ___ receptors
GABA
what is nicotine’s effect on the body?
increase BP/HR, can disrupt sleep and suppress appetite, acetylcholine receptor agonist (because CNS stimulant)
what is the effect of cocaine?
massive increase in dopamine (blocks reuptake), serotonin, and norepinephrine. causes crash afterward
what do amphetamines do?
trigger release of dopamine, and block its reuptake
Ecstasy/ Molly/ MDMA
synthetic hallucinogen, also has stimulant properties. increases dopamine and euphoria. increases HR and body temp<div><br></br></div><div>can damage serotonin receptors</div>
what neurotransmitter does LSD interfere with?
“serotonin (5-HT2<span> </span>receptor<span> </span>family)”
what causes a crash/OD?
“when you take a typical drug with same conditions every time, body starts preemptively preparing for it.<div><br></br></div><div>If you don’t get the drug, your body already prepared for the high, so you crash</div><div><br></br></div><div>If you take the drug in a new situation, your body doesn’t prepare so your typical dose can become lethal<br></br><div><br></br></div><div>"”dont get the drugs after body has accomodated””</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
a faster route of entry means…
higher risk of addiction/dependence
dopamine is produced in the_____ region of the brain and released to the ____, ____, ____, and ____
“ventral tegmental, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the role of the amygdala in reward pathway?
“emotional control.ex.<span> </span>This<span> </span>cake<span> </span>is<span> </span>delicious,<span> </span>I<span> </span>love<span> </span>this<span> </span>cake.<span> </span>I<span> </span>am feeling<span> </span>so<span> </span>happy<span> </span>right<span> </span>now.”
what is the role of the nucleus accumbens in the reward pathway?
“motor function<div>"”Its function is to transfer relevant motivational information to the motor cells in order to obtain a certain reward or satisfaction”“<br></br><div><br></br></div><div>ex. says<span> </span>let’s<span> </span>move hand totake<span> </span>another<span> </span>bite.</div></div>”
what is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the reward pathway?
“ex. puts<span> </span>attention<span> </span>to<span> </span>the<span> </span>cake.”
what is the role of the hippocampus in the reward pathway?
“memory<div><div>ex. Where<span> </span>am<span> </span>I<span> </span>at?<span> </span>Where<span> </span>am<span> </span>I<span> </span>eating<span> </span>this<span> </span>cake?<span> </span>Who<span> </span>am<span> </span>I<span> </span>with?<span> </span>Let’s<span> </span>remember<span> </span>things<span> </span>about<span> </span>this<span> </span>experience</div></div>”
what happens to levels of dopamine and serotonin when the reward pathway is activated?
dopamine goes up, serotonin goes down<div><br></br></div>
what is serotonin involved in?
feelings of satiation
what is tolerance?
“brain gets used to drug stimulus, so it requires more of the drug to achieve same effect or just to feel ““normal”“<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what are the telltale signs of a substance use disorder?
using higher dose, failing to meet (life) obligations, withdrawal,
what does methadone do?
activates opiate receptors but much more slowly and dampens the high. (treatment for opioid abuse)
how does cognitive behavioral therapy helps addicts?
addresses both cognitive thought processes (working toward more positive thought patterns) and helps identify behaviors to prevent relapse
what is motivational interviewing?
“working with patient to find intrinsic motivation to change<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is divided attention?
when doing more than one thing your brain quickly switches between things instead of multitasking
what is selective attention?
”"”flashlight beam””, only focusing on one thing at a time”
what is an exogenuous cue?
“we dont have to tell ourselves to notice it. like a bright color or loud noise<div><br></br></div><div>(bottom-up processing)<br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
what is an endogenous cue?
require internal/background knowledge to understand the cue<div><br></br></div><div>cognitive aspect it attached to endogenous (top down processing)</div><div><br></br></div><div>example: cocktail party effect</div>
what is inattentional blindness?
“when we fail to notice something in our view because our attention is focused elsewhere<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is change blindness?
“failure to notice a change in an environment due to selective attention<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what does broadbent’s theory state?
“<b>sensory register–>selective filter–>perceptual process(I recognize that voice as my friends)–>conscious (deciding how to respond)</b><div><br></br></div><div>problem? if you selectively filter everything then you wouldn’t be able to hear your name in a crowded room.</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img><br></br></div><div><span></span></div><div><br></br></div>”
What doesDeutch & Deutch’s Theory state?<div><br></br></div>
“Sensory register–> perceptual process->selective filter–>conscious<div><br></br></div><div>states that you do register and assign meaning to shit but that your selective filter decides what to send to your conscious</div><div>problem? too much energy required to assign meaning to everything</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img><br></br></div><div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div>”
what is Treisman’s theory?
“instead of the selective filter we have an attenuator that weakens but <b>doesn’t eliminate</b> something from the unattended ear.<div><br></br></div><div>Sensory register–>attenuator–>perceptual process–>conscious</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img><br></br></div>”
what is priming?
exposure to one stimulus can alter our perception of another or subsequent stimulus (due to implicit memory)
what is the resource model of attention?
“states that attention is a limited resource and that we suck ass at multi-tasking<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what are the 3 things that affect our ability to multitask?
“task similarity (<b>more similar is more difficult</b>), task difficulty, practice(prior experience)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what does the information processing model postulate? Bottom up or top down?
input–>process–>output<div><br></br></div><div>Our senses are like computer: input (keyboard or sensory organs)->process (CPU or working memory)-> storage (hard drive or long term memory) -> output<div><b><br></br></b></div><div><b>bottom-up - why? because it is STIMULUS DRIVEN</b></div></div>
what is sensory memory?
“like the sensory register. composed of <b>iconic</b>and <b>echoic</b>. iconic is what you see, lasts a few seconds.<div><br></br></div><div>echoic is what you hear, lasting 3-4 seconds</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is working memory? What is it used for ?
“AKA short term memory. consists of what you are thinking of in the exact moment. 7 units of information (+or- 2) available.<div><br></br></div><div>Helps with reasoning and comprehension. A breakdown prevents brain from properly processing and encoding info which could lead one to reach incorrect conclusions and remember things incorrectly.<br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
“part of working memory involving processing visual and spatial info<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the phonological loop?
“verbal info being processed (any words or numbers in iconic or echoic memory) (think: repeating something to yourself again to remember it)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what does the <b>central executive</b>do?
“coordinates the visuo-spatial, phonological loops, and episodic buffer to assist in coding long term memory<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div>”
what is the episodic buffer?
“theorized to integrate the other functions, known as the phonological loop (information heard) and visio-spatial sketchpad (information seen) with a sense of time, so that things occur in a continuing sequence, like a story from a book or movie.<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is long term memory?
composed of explicit and implicit memories, theoretically unlimited
what is explicit memory?
“aka declarative<div><br></br></div><div>facts/events you<span> </span>can<span> </span>clearly/explicitly describe<br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
what is implicit memory and the three types?
“unconscious - priming, habits, conditioning (knowing how to ride a bike)<div><br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is episodic memory?
its a part of explicit memory, specifically referring to birthdays/holidays and shit
riding a bicycle is a form of ____ memory
procedural
what is encoding?
processing info and transferring it into long-term memory
what is rote rehearsal?
saying the same shit again and again, is the least effective encoding technique
what is chunking?
grouping pieces of info together to improve encoding<div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div>
what is the pegword system?
“verbal ““anchor”” to a word or piece of info.<div><br></br></div><div>1 is a gun</div><div>2 is a shoe</div><div>3 is a tree</div>”
what is the method of loci?
“useful for encoding things that need to be memorized in order<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is self referencing?
<b>relating</b> new info to <b>yourself</b> to help encoding
what is spacing?
spacing out study sessions instead of cramming
what is retrieval?
“trying to bring back a memory from long term memory into working memory<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what are the things that can affect retrieval?
“-priming (– prior<span> </span>activation<span> </span>of<span> </span>nodes/associations,<span> </span>often<span> </span>without<span> </span>our<span> </span>awareness.<span> </span>Ex.<span> </span>hearing<span> </span>a<span> </span>story<span> </span>about<span> </span>apple<span> </span>and<span> </span>asked<span> </span>to<span> </span>name<span> </span>word<span> </span>starting<span> </span>with<span> </span>A.)<div>-context (the<span> </span>environment<span> </span>you<span> </span>encode<span> </span>and<span> </span>take<span> </span>the<span> </span>test (retrieve<span> </span>the<span> </span>information)<span> </span>is<span> </span></div><div>helpful)</div><div>-state-dependant (your<span> </span>state<span> </span>at<span> </span>the<span> </span>moment you<span> </span>encode.<span> </span> When<span> </span>you<span> </span>are<span> </span>in<span> </span>a<span> </span>certain<span> </span></div><div>mood<span> </span>when<span> </span>you<span> </span>encode<span> </span>you<span> </span>can<span> </span>then<span> </span>remember<span> </span>it<span> </span>when<span> </span>you<span> </span>are<span> </span>in<span> </span>the<span> </span>same<span> </span>mood)</div>”
what is free recall?
“recall without any cue<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the<b>serial position effect</b>effect?
“also known as <b>primacy/recency effects</b>, remember things at beginning and end of list better<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is cued recall?
“recall that follows a ““cue”” of some sort<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is source monitoring?
“keeping track of<i>where </i>a piece of information came from<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is a flashbulb memory?
“very vivid/strong memory created in moment of high emotion<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is long term potentiation?
“increase in synaptic plasticity/strength of synapse (connections between nuerons stengthen). key component of learning.<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is decay? psychologist associated with research on forgetting?
“when a memory is unable to be retrieved. may still exist<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is retroactive interference?
“new learning impairs old information/memory.<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is proactive interference?
“something from prior memory affects new learning<div><br></br></div><div>E.g. writing down the old year after Jan 1</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what remains stable as people age?
“implicit memory and recognition abilities<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what abilities decline as people age?
“free and cued recall, forming episodic memory, processing speed, divided attention, prospective memory (remembering to do things in future)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what skills improve as we age?
“semantic memory, emotional reasoning, <b>crystallized IQ</b><div><b><br></br></b></div><div><b><img></img></b></div>”
what is crystallized IQ/intelligence?
“<div>the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It does not equate to memory, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory</div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is the main suspected cause of alzheimer’s
“buildup of amyloid plaques in brain<div><br></br><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
what is korsakoff’s syndrome and two causes?
“similar to AD, causes severe memory deficits,<b> confabulation </b>(mmaking up stories to fill memory gaps) however NOT progressive (treatment can make you better).<div><br></br></div><div>main cause is malnutrition/lack of <b>thiamine or vitamin B1</b>. common in alcoholics.</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div>”
what is wernicke’s encephalopathy?
“<b>precursor</b> to Korsakoff’s syndrome, left untreated it will progress to Korsakoff’s. Symptoms arepoor<span> </span>balance,<span> </span>abnormal<span> </span>eye<span> </span>movements,<span> </span><div>mild<span> </span>confusion,<span> </span>and/or memory<span> </span>loss</div><div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div><div><br></br></div><div><br></br></div>”
what is retrograde amnesia?
inability to recall previously encoded information
what is anterograde amnesia?
inability to encode new memories
what is a semantic model?
“theoretical model of memory encoding in brain. consists of related ““nodes”“<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is spreading activation?
“one cue/memory stimulates retrieval of other related memories<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
object permanence appears in
sensorimotor stage
1st stage piaget
“<div>-0-2 years</div><div>-sensorimotor</div><div>-Important aspects: development of object permanence and of stranger anxiety</div><img></img>”
2nd stage piaget and age range
“2-6 years old<div>preoperational</div><div>Important aspects: Engage in pretend play, egocentric (don’t understand other people have different point of view)</div><div><img></img></div>”
3rd stage piaget and age range
“7-11 years<div><div>concrete operational</div><div>Important aspects: develop conservation, empathy, math skills</div><div><img></img></div><div><img></img></div></div>”
4th stage piaget and age range
“11+<div>formal operational<br></br><div>Important aspects:– reason<span> </span>abstract<span> </span></div><div>consequences,<span> </span>and<span> </span>reason<span> </span>consequences;<span> </span>moral<span> </span>reasoning.<span> </span>At<span> </span>this<span> </span>point<span> </span>children<span> </span></div><div>are<span> </span>reasoning<span> </span>more<span> </span>like<span> </span>adults<span> </span>and<span> </span>they<span> </span>continue<span> </span>to<span> </span>develop<span> </span>that<span> </span>overtime</div><div><img></img></div></div>”
a child that recognizes conservation of matter (the water glass test) is in what stage of development?
concrete operational
at what stage do children begin to engage in abstract thought and moral reasoning?
formal operational
what is a schema?
a mental model/framework for how we view the world
what is assimilation?
“trying to fit things into an existing schema (ss=same schema)<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is accomodation?
“formulating a new schema to interpret new shit, or modifying existing schema<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is a well defined problem?
“problem with a clear start and end point<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
what is an ill defined problem?
“has more ambiguous starting and ending point<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
