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PSYCH 9 11 12! Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of continuity and
change across the life span

A

Developmental Psychology

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2
Q

What is the Nature-Nurture debate?

A

A debate of whether we are the way we are because of the influence of genes we inherit (nature), or it’s the environmental influences that affect development (nurture).

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3
Q

What are the three domains of developmental psychology?

A

Biological Development, Cognitive development, and psychosocial development

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4
Q

Who describes development in discontinuous stages?

A

Freud
Erickson
Piaget

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5
Q

Fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

A

Zygote

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6
Q

2-week period that begins at conception

A

Germinal Stage

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7
Q

Period that lasts from the 2nd week until about
the 8th week

A

Embryonic Stage

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8
Q

Period that lasts from the 2nd week until about
the 8th week

A

Fetal Stage

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9
Q

Agents that damage the process of development,
such as drugs and viruses

A

Teratogens

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10
Q

Developmental disorder that stems
from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

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11
Q

Time when certain things
must occur for normal
development

A

Critical Period

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12
Q

Time when a particular
development occurs most
easily

A

Sensitive Period

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13
Q

Emergence of the ability to think and understand

A

cognitive development

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14
Q

created stages of cognitive development (stages were continuous)

A

Jean Piaget

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15
Q

infants acquire information about
the world by sensing it and moving around within it (develops schemas) (Jean Piaget)

A

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth- 2 years)

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16
Q

Children have a preliminary
understanding of the physical world (Jean Piaget)(does not understand conservation) (egocentric)

A

Preoperational stage (2-6 years)

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17
Q

Children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects (Jean Piaget) (can think logically about physical objects and events)

A

Concrete Operational Stage (6-11 years)

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18
Q

Children can solve non-
physical problems; abstract thinking (Jean Piaget) (abstract)

A

Formal Operational Stage (11+ years)

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19
Q

developed a theory of three stages in moral development (based on responses to moral dilemmas)

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

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20
Q

Morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor (Lawrence Kohlberg)

A

Preconventional Stage (childhood)

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21
Q

Morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules (Lawrence Kohlberg)

A

Conventional Stage (adolescence)

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22
Q

Morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values (Lawrence Kohlberg)

A

Postconventional Stage (adults)

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23
Q

Emotional bond that forms between
newborns and their primary caregivers

A

Attachment

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24
Q

(50-70%): baby may or may not cry upon
separation; wants to be with mom upon her return and stops crying

A

Secure Attachment

25
Q

(10-20%): baby not upset by separation; ignores or looks away when mom returns

A

Avoidant Attachment

26
Q

(10-20%): separation upsets baby; remains upset after mom’s return and is difficult to console

A

Resistant Attachment

27
Q

(5-10%): separation and return confuse the baby; reacts in contradictory ways (e.g., seeking proximity to the returned mom, but not looking at her)

A

Disorganized Attachment

28
Q

High behavioral standards, strict
punishment of misconduct, and little communication

A

Authoritarian Parenting

29
Q

High nurturance and communication
but little discipline, guidance, or control

A

Permissive Parenting

30
Q

Parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

A

Authoritative Parenting

31
Q

Parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives.

A

Neglectful/uninvolved parenting

32
Q

developed stages of human development that
all humans go through

A

Erik Erikson

33
Q

Specific patterns of motor response that are
triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation; innate

A

Reflexes

34
Q

Emergence of the ability to execute
physical action

A

Motor development

35
Q

the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

A

Conservation

36
Q

Regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness – motives that can also produce emotional disorders; discovered by Freud

A

Psychodynamic Approach

37
Q

unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and
aggressive drives, operating on the
pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

A

Id

38
Q

the “executive”, mediates the demands of the id and superego

A

Ego

39
Q

the conscience, provides standards for judgment
and future aspirations

A

Super ego

40
Q

Freud believed that …

A

we are only aware of a small amount of our mind’s
activities and that most of it remains hidden from us in our unconscious.

41
Q

Analytical psychology
* Downplayed the importance of sexual instinct
* Collective unconscious contains archetypes
* Affect one’s thoughts and feelings
* Also proposed 2 approaches to life
* Introversion and Extroversion

A

Carl Jung

42
Q

Individual psychology
* People are motivated by an inferiority
complex
* Feeling of inferiority gives rise to a drive for
superiority
* Social, not sexual in nature
* Self-awareness plays a role in the formation of
personality
* Creative self

A

Alfred Adler

43
Q
  • Argued girls do not feel
    inferior to boys
  • Social relationships are more
    important than unconscious
    sexual and aggressive
    impulses
  • Believed that genuine and
    consistent love can alleviate
    the effects of even the most
    traumatic childhood
A

Karen Horney

44
Q

Stages of
psychosocial development
* Each stage possessed two
possible outcomes
* Goal of adolescence is
attainment of identity

A

Erik Erikson

45
Q

Relatively stable disposition to behave in a
particular and consistent way

A

Trait

46
Q

How many core traits are there and what are they?

A

5: openness, consciousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

46
Q

How many core traits are there and what are they?

A

5: openness, consciousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

47
Q

Emphasized the effects of reinforcements on behavior

A

B.F. Skinner

48
Q

Focused on observed and measurable behavior, and not undetectable, unconscious forces

A

John B. Watson

49
Q

Focused on learning by observation and on
cognitive processes that underlie personal
differences

A

Albert Bandura

50
Q

Approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

A

Social Cognitive Approach

51
Q

emphasize a positive, optimistic view of
human nature; goodness and potential for growth.
* People are capable of:
* Free choice
* Self-fulfillment
* Ethical behavior

A

Humanistic Psychologists

52
Q

focus on the individual as responsible
agent, negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death.
* Based on the view that people are free and responsible for their
own behavior

A

Existentialist Psychologist

53
Q

_____believed (like Maslow) in
an individual’s self-actualization
tendencies. He believed that a
growth-promoting environment
required:
* Genuineness
* Acceptance, including
unconditional positive regard - an
attitude of acceptance of others
despite their failings.
* Empathy

A

Carl Rogers

54
Q

Focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes

A

Sociocultural Perspective

55
Q

What are the two main types of personality tests, and what are their characteristics?

A

Self-Report Inventories and Projective Tests: Validity, Reliability, and Standardization

56
Q

Focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes

A

Dispositional Attributions

57
Q

Behavior is ascribed to a person’s external
factors

A

Situational Attributions

58
Q
  • When we explain other people’s
    behavior we tend to:
  • Overestimate the role of personal
    factors, and
  • Overlook the impact of situations
  • Actor-observer effect
  • Attributing other’s behavior to
    dispositional factors and one’s own
    to situational factors
A

Fundamental Attribution Error

Psych (2 decks)

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