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Psych > Psych 6,7,8,10 > Flashcards

Psych 6,7,8,10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Unlearned, involuntary actions or movements in response to a stimulus.

A

Reflexes

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2
Q
  • Innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events
  • More complex than reflexes; involves movement of the organism as a whole
A

Instincts

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3
Q

The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or
responses from experience that results in a relatively
permanent change in the state of the learner

A

Learning

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4
Q
  • First studied by Ivan Pavlov
    (1849-1936)
  • When a neutral stimulus
    produces a response after
    being paired with a stimulus
    that naturally produces a
    response
A

Classical Conditioning

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5
Q

Environmental condition that evokes a response

A

Stimulus

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6
Q

Phase of classical conditioning when the CS
and the US are presented together

A

Acquisition

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7
Q

Gradual elimination of a learned response that
occurs when the US is no longer presented

A

Extinction

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8
Q

Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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9
Q

Process by which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

A

Generalization

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10
Q

Capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

A

Discrimination

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11
Q

General process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

A

Habituation

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12
Q

An established conditioned
stimulus is paired with a new
neutral stimulus (the second-order stimulus), so
that eventually the new
stimulus also elicits the
conditioned response,
without the initial
conditioned stimulus being
presented.

A

High-Order Conditioning

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13
Q

who (1920) conditioned a 9-month-old baby (Albert) to fear a white rat (by striking a steel bar whenever he was presented with the rat).

A

Watson and Rayner

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14
Q

Type of learning in which the
consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

A

Operant Conditioning

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15
Q

who (1874-1949) focused on instrumental behaviors and created a puzzle box to show the law of effect.

A

Edward Thorndike

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16
Q

Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

A

Operant Behavior

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17
Q

Any stimulus or event that functions to increase
the likelihood of the behavior that led to it; more effective than punishment in promoting learning

A

Reinforcer

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18
Q

Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the
likelihood of the behavior that led to it

A

Punisher

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19
Q

The desired behavior is
reinforced every single time it occurs; best used during
the initial stages of learning

A

Continuous Reinforcement

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20
Q

When only some of the
responses made are followed by reinforcement; produce slightly higher rates of responding and are more resistant to extinction (intermittent-reinforcement effect)

A

Intermittent Reinforcement

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21
Q

Condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others

A

Observational Learning

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22
Q

who (1925-) studied aggressive observational
learning using the Bobo doll experiment

A

Albert Bandura

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23
Q

Process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior.

A

Diffusion Chain

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24
Q

Mental representation
that groups or categorizes
shared features of related
objects, events, or other stimuli

A

Concept

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25
Q

Mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

A

Schema

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26
Q

Ability to direct one’s thinking, adapt to one’s circumstances, and learn from one’s experiences

A

Intelligence

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27
Q

who (1866-1957) was one of the first to measure intelligence, discriminatorily toward Ellis Island immigrants.

A

Henry Goddard

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28
Q

Ability to see abstract
relationships and draw
logical inferences

A

Fluid Intelligence

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29
Q

Ability to retain and use
knowledge that was
acquired through
experience

A

Crystallized Intelligence

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30
Q

Ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

A

Emotional Intelligence

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31
Q

Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be
the result of some neurological underdevelopment

A

Dyslexia

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32
Q

Unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain

A

Dyscalculia

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33
Q

Unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain

A

Dyscalculia

34
Q

System for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar to convey meaning

A

Language

35
Q

Set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

A

Grammar

36
Q

Smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than random noise (ah vs eh)

A

Phoneme

37
Q

the smallest meaningful units of language

A

Morpheme

38
Q

Set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

A

Syntactical Rules

39
Q

difficulty in producing or comprehending language

A

Aphasia

40
Q

is the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and
possibilities

A

Creativity

41
Q

involve the spontaneous restructuring of a problem

A

Insights

42
Q

Persist in approaching
a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but is not working now

A

Mental Set

43
Q

context in which
information is presented affects decision making

A

Framing Effect

44
Q

you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

A

Functional Fixedness

45
Q

Ability to store and retrieve information over time

A

Memory

46
Q

Process by which we transform what we perceive,
think, or feel into an enduring memory

A

Encoding

47
Q

Process of maintaining information in memory over
time

A

Storage

48
Q

Process of brining to mind information that has been
previously encoded and stored

A

Retrieval

49
Q

Act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

A

Explicit Memory

50
Q

Collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

A

Episodic Memory

51
Q

Network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

A

Semantic Memory

52
Q

Influence of past experiences on later
behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

A

Implicit Memory

53
Q

Accessing information without cues

A

Recall

54
Q

Identifying information
that you have previously learned after
encountering it again

A

Recognition

55
Q

Learning information that
you previously learned

A

Relearning

56
Q

As we retrieve our memories, we tend to alter and modify them

A

Construction/Reconstruction

57
Q

The effects of
misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

A

Suggestibility

58
Q

The loss of information from long-term memory

A

Forgetting

59
Q

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

A

Transience

60
Q

Lapse in attention that results in memory failure

A

Absentmindedness

61
Q

Failure to retrieve
information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

A

Blocking

62
Q

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

A

Memory Misattribution

63
Q

Distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

A

Bias

64
Q

Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

A

Persistence

65
Q

Positive or negative
experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

A

Emotion

66
Q

Stimuli trigger activity in the ANS, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

A

James-Lange Theory

67
Q

Stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the ANS and emotional experience in the brain

A

Cannon-Bard Theory

68
Q

Emotions are inferences about the
causes of physiological arousal

A

Two-Factor Theory

69
Q

The _________ plays an important role in emotion. It functions as a threat detector

A

Amygdala

70
Q

The six basic emotions:

A

Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Sadness, Surprise

71
Q

Use of cognitive and behavioral
strategies to influence one’s emotional experience

A

Emotion Regulation

72
Q

Changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus

A

Reappraisal

73
Q

Notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain; first argued by Aristotle

A

Hedonic Principle

74
Q

Motivation to take actions that are
themselves rewarding.

A

Intrinsic Motivation

75
Q

Motivation to take actions that are
not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward

A

Extrinsic Motivation

76
Q

According to ________,
deviations from homeostasis
create physiological needs

A

Drive Theory

77
Q

is an eating disorder in which people alternate between extreme dieting and binges of overeating

A

Bulimia Nervosa

78
Q

Eating binges are not followed by purges, but are followed by distress, guilt, and embarrassment

A

Binge Eating Disorder

79
Q

Maintenance of a body weight well below average
* Starvation
* Excessive exercise
* Associated with distorted body image
* View themselves as overweight, even though they are not

A

Anorexia Nervosa

80
Q

refers to how we identify sexually and what we call ourselves

A

Gender Identity

81
Q

is one’s sexual preference for members of the same
sex, opposite sex, or both sexes

A

Sexual Orientation

Psych (2 decks)

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