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Psych 4110: Exam 1 > PSYCH 4410: Exam 3 > Flashcards

PSYCH 4410: Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we generate speech sounds?

A

respirations, phonation, articulation

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2
Q

respiration

A

air must be pushed out of the lungs, through the trachea, and up the larynx

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3
Q

phonation

A

the process through which vocal folds are made to vibrate when air moves by them

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4
Q

vocal folds

A

a pair of elastic tissues that vibrate to create your voice

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5
Q

controlling pitch with vocal folds

A

thickness of vocal folds
-thick = low pitch
-thin = high pitch
stiffness of vocal folds
-loose = low pitch
-tight = high pitch

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6
Q

articulation

A

the act or manner of producing a speech sound using the vocal tract

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7
Q

vocal tract

A

an airway above the larynx that is used as a filter to produce speech sounds

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8
Q

formant

A

a resonance in the vocal tract

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9
Q

phonemes

A

the basic unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in utterances in a given language (duck vs tuck)

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10
Q

how many phonemes does English have

A

about 40

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11
Q

phoneme awareness

A

distinguish phonemes, we are all born with it but lose certain phonemes with experience

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12
Q

3 variables of consonant sounds produced during speech

A

place of articulation, manner of articulation, voicing

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13
Q

place of articulation

A

what part of your vocal tract are you using to obstruct airflow? e.g. closing your mouth or tongue behind teeth

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14
Q

manner of articulation

A

how much is airflow obstructed? e.g. total obstruction (b or d), partial obstruction (f or s), mouth obstruction but open nasal passage (m or n)

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15
Q

voicing

A

are you using your vocal folds to phonate? e.g. vibrating (m or z), not vibrating (p or ch)

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16
Q

problems with thinking sound are little chunks

A

coarticulation and categorical perception

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17
Q

coarticulation

A

-speech sounds vary according to other speech sounds that precede and follow
-this is because successive speech sounds overlap and blend into each other
-the tongue must adapt to make a transition from the previous phoneme to the current phoneme

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18
Q

categorical perception

A

-the perception of different sensory stimuli as identical even though there is slight variation in the underlying physical stimuli
-dividing a continuous physical variable into a discrete perception

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19
Q

McGurk effect

A

when bah sounds like dah but the video is saying gah, hearing 3rd phoneme

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20
Q

what does the McGurk effect tell us?

A

-context is extremely important in speech perception
-visual image (context) potentially influences audition
-crossmodal perception

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21
Q

crossmodal perception

A

when one sensory modality affects perception in another sensory modality

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22
Q

what areas of the brain are involved in speech perception?

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s

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23
Q

broca’s area

A

damage to this brain region results in expressive aphasia - you can understand speech but you are unable to produce speech

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24
Q

wernicke’s area

A

damage to this brain region results in receptive aphasia - you are unable to understand speech but are able to produce speech

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25
Q

aphasia

A

an impairment in speech production or comprehension (or both) that is caused by damage to the speech centers in the brain

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26
Q

Pythagoras

A

interested in uncovering the mathematical laws of the universe

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27
Q

pitch

A

the psychological perception of a frequency

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28
Q

octave

A

the interval between sound frequencies with a 2:1 ratio

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29
Q

equal temperament

A

used in Western music

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30
Q

tone height

A

level of pitch (low to high)

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31
Q

tone chroma

A

a quality shared by items with the same musical notes

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32
Q

chords

A

a combination of 2 or more notes

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33
Q

dyad

A

2 notes combined

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34
Q

triad

A

3 notes combined

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35
Q

2 types of chords

A

consonant and dissonant

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36
Q

consonant

A

combinations of notes with simple ratios e.g. 3:2

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37
Q

dissonant

A

combinations of notes with less elegant ratios e.g. 16:15

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38
Q

melody

A

a sequence of notes or chords perceived as a coherent structure (any melody can be transposed into a new set of notes) e.g. Happy Birthday or ABCs

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39
Q

tempo

A

the same melody can be played at varying speeds as long as the relative duration of notes is held constant, measured in BPM

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40
Q

rhythm

A

number of beats in a given section of a melody

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41
Q

Bolton

A

rhythm perception
-played a series of equally spaced sounds to listeners
-there was no rhythm to the sound
-people tended to group the sounds into a rhythm

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42
Q

syncopation

A

any deviation from a regular rhythm e.g. common in jazz

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43
Q

syncopated auditory polyrhythms

A

-dominant rhythm: 3 beats
-nondominant rhythm: 4 beats

44
Q

pentatonic scale

A

5 notes instead of 7

45
Q

Dowling and Harwood’s universal rules of musical systems

A
  1. the octave is a basic principle in pitch organization
  2. a logarithmic pitch scale
  3. discrete pitch levels
  4. 5-7 unequally spaced pitches in a scale
  5. hierarchies of stability for pitch
46
Q

Lynch et al.’s musical perception in infants

A

-method: had American infants listen to musical scales and detect whether a mistuning was present
-key manipulation: western scales vs. Indonesian scales
-result: infants could detect mistuning equally well in Western and Indonesian scales, whereas adults showed a strong benefit in their native scale

47
Q

Tsimane case study

A

universal agreement on what sounds good? people could easily classify the chords but found them both equally pleasing

48
Q

absolute pitch

A

some people can hear a musical note in isolation and name it

49
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

argued talented people have talented relatives, and innate ability, not much support for this claim

50
Q

Anders Ericsson

A

-expert on expertise
-expertise is solely due to the level of practice
-10 year rule, 2-5 hours a day (10,000 hours)

51
Q

Ericsson, Krampe & Romer

A

-violinists retrospectively reported practice habits
-4 levels: professional, best, good, teachers
-showed more practice = better

52
Q

accelerometer

A

measures inertial motion

53
Q

gyroscope

A

measures orientation

54
Q

magnetometer

A

measures the magnetic poles

55
Q

almost every vertebrate for the past 500 million years has…

A

internal accelerometer and gyroscope

56
Q

some birds have…

A

magnetometer

57
Q

spatial orientation

A

a sense consisting of three interacting modalities: perception of linear motion, perception of angular motion, and perception of tilt

58
Q

linear motion

A

translational movement in one direction

59
Q

angular motion

A

rotational motion like that of a spinning top or the swinging doors of a saloon

60
Q

tilt

A

to attain a sloped position like the leaning tower of Pisa

61
Q

vestibular system

A

-sensory organs that contribute to the detection of self-motion and orientation
-crucial for balance and coordination
-visual stability, balance, autonomic, spatial orientation

62
Q

the vestibular system is located in the …

A

semicircular canals

63
Q

semicircular canals

A

they detect angular motion involved in head and body rotations

64
Q

angular motion

A

a rotational acceleration such as when you spin around or turn your head

65
Q

head roll (tilt head to left or right)

A

posterior semicircular canal

66
Q

pitch (lean head forward or backward)

A

anterior semicircular canal

67
Q

yaw (turn head left or right)

A

horizontal semicircular canal

68
Q

how do the semicircular canals transduce angular motion into a neural signal?

A

-the canals are filled with endolymph (fluid)
-the ampulla: retina of vestibular system

69
Q

how does the ampulla work?

A

-the endolymph fluid hits a jelly-like structure called the cupula
-the cupula is attached to the cilia
-it then pushes the cilia in a certain direction
-depending on which way the cilia are pushed

70
Q

the semicircular canals respond to …

A

accelerations, not velocity

71
Q

velocity

A

speed at which something moves

72
Q

acceleration

A

a change in velocity

73
Q

what organs detect linear motion and tilt?

A

otolith organs

74
Q

linear motion

A

nonrotational movement in a uniform direction

75
Q

tilt

A

the orientation of the head/body about gravity

76
Q

the macula

A

-otoconia: tiny calcium carbonate stones that provide inertial mass for organs
-otolithic membrane: gelatinous membrane that bends with linear motion
-hair cells: are bent by the motion of the otolithic organ, creating a neural signal

77
Q

utricle

A

sensitive to horizontal movement

78
Q

saccule

A

sensitive to vertical movement

79
Q

velocity storage

A

-your vestibular system detects changes in linear/rotational motion
-after initial exposure, the vestibular system gradually habituates to the rotational motion
-result: once the physical motion stops, you perceive rotational motion in the opposite direction

80
Q

vection

A

the illusory sense of self-motion caused a visual stimulus moving in the opposite direction, you feel like you’re moving due to a visual stimulus even if there is no actual motion

81
Q

what does vection tell us?

A

the vestibular system and the visual system are highly integrated sensory systems

82
Q

sensory integration

A

-the process of combining multiple sensory signals
-often, combining signals yields more accurate information than obtained by the individual sensory signals

83
Q

what stabilizes the eyes?

A

the vestibular system

84
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

A

a reflex that helps the eyes stabilize vision by counter-rotating the eyes in the opposite direction of a head rotation

85
Q

autonomic system

A

-the part of the nervous system that is responsible for regulating many involuntary actions and that innervates glands, the heart, the digestive system, etc.
-the vestibular system makes crucial contributions
-comprises the sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

86
Q

motion sickness

A

a vestibule-autonomic response that causes us to feel symptoms of nausea, disorientation, and vomiting, disagreement between motion signals from the vestibular system and the visual system

87
Q

blood pressure regulation

A

-the vestibular system also regulates autonomic responses related to blood pressure
-when going from laying down to standing, the heart needs to increase blood flow to compensate for gravity

88
Q

what happens with the vestibular system malfunctions?

A

spatial disorientation, imbalance, difficulty stabilizing the eyes on objects while the head moves, nausea or vomiting

89
Q

mal de debarquement syndrome

A

when people are at sea but they have a difficult time adjusting back to land, sick for several months

90
Q

meniere’s syndrome

A

sudden onsets of dizziness, imbalance, and disorientation that afflicts about 1 in 500 people in mid-adulthood

91
Q

sensory threshold

A

the minimum amount of a stimulus that is detectable

92
Q

two-point threshold

A

the minimum distance at which two touch stimuli are perceptible as separated

93
Q

touch

A

sensations caused by mechanical stimulation of the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints

94
Q

5 touch sensations

A

tactile, pain, temperature, kinesthesia, proprioception

95
Q

transduced

A

physical energy into a chemical response

96
Q

types of touch receptors

A

tactile receptors, kinesthetic receptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors

97
Q

epidermis

A

dead outer layer of skin cells protects the body from infection and pathogens

98
Q

dermis

A

thick layer of living tissue that contains blood vessels, sweat glands, and other stuff

99
Q

subcutis

A

a layer of connective tissue

100
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical stimulation (pressure, vibration, or movement)

101
Q

4 types of mechanoreceptors

A

Meissner corpuscle, Merkel cell neuritis complex, Ruffini ending, Pacinian corpuscle

102
Q

2 properties of mechanoreceptors

A

-size of receptive field: the extent of the body area that elicits
-the rate of adaption: fast adapting (FA): respond when skin is first stimulated and when stimulation is removed. not between the onset and offset of stimulation - slow adapting (SA): remain active through the period during which the stimulus is in contact with its receptive field

103
Q

slow adapting, type 1 (Merkel)

A

respond to sustained pressure at a very low frequency, useful for texture perception and pattern/form of surfaces, e.g. braille

104
Q

slow adapting, type 2 (Ruffini)

A

sustained downward pressure, lateral skin stretches, useful for knowing your finger positions, e.g. reaching for a coffee cup

105
Q

fast adapting, type 1 (Meissner)

A

low-frequency vibrations of 5-50 hz, useful for knowing when objects are slipping out of grasp

106
Q

fast adapting, type 2 (Pacinian)

A

high-frequency vibrations of 50-700 Hz, useful for knowing when an object first makes contact with skin

107
Q
A

Psych 4110: Exam 1 (2 decks)

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