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PSYCH > Psych 3 > Flashcards

Psych 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Personality

A

An Individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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2
Q

What does Personality do?

A

Distinguishes us, Endures, Dynamic and adaptive, Psychophysical

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3
Q

Theory of personality arose from?

A

Patient interactions, Personal Experience, Discussions with colleagues

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4
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

The mind is like an iceberg,
Conscious mind (small)
Preconscious mind (bigger but still small, not aware of)
Unconscious mind (Much bigger but not aware of)

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5
Q

What is Frued’s Iceberg?

A

contains ID, Superego, and Ego

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6
Q

What is ID (Frued)

A

Essentially your base animal instincts, Operates on the Pleasure principle (selfish)

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7
Q

What is Superego (Frued)

A

Your conception on what is right and wrong, Operates on the Morality Principle

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8
Q

What is Ego (Frued)

A

Tries to help manage between Superego and ID, Operates on the Reality Principle

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9
Q

What is the reality principle (Frued)

A

The ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly, as opposed to acting according to the pleasure principle.

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10
Q

Conflicts between ID and Superego lead to…

A

Defense Mechanisms,
Prompted by unpleasant unconscious thoughts and desires.

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11
Q

Name a few Defense Mechanisms

A

Repression, Displacement, Rationalization

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12
Q

Repression (Defense Mechanisms)

A

Suppressing unwanted desires/memories

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13
Q

Displacement (Defense Mechanisms)

A

Redirecting sexual/aggressive energy at “safer” targets

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14
Q

Rationalization (Defense Mechanisms)

A

Developing an alternative explanation or excuse for undesired behavior

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15
Q

Why do we still talk about Frued?

A

Highlighted the possibility of nonbiological causes for neuroses. Our unconscious mind really is important. Culturally, he drew attention to psychology.

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16
Q

What is Humanistic Theory

A

Meant to complement Psychoanalysis, Believed people are fundamentally good, Emphasized personal growth, Encouraged UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

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17
Q

What is the order of Hierarchy of Needs

A

(this goes from top to bottom)
5 self-actualization
4 Esteem needs
3 Belongingness and love needs
2 Safety needs
1 Physiological needs

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18
Q

What is self-actualization (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

5
Achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities

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19
Q

What is Esteem needs (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

4
Prestige and feeling of accomplishment

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20
Q

What is Belongingness and love needs (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

3
Intimate relationships, friends

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21
Q

What is Safety needs (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

2
Security, safety

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22
Q

What is Physiological needs (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

1 food, water, warmth, rest

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23
Q

What are the criticisms of Humanism?

A

Not scientific; largely philosophical,
Concepts are vague and subjective,

Are people fundamentally good?
this is not testable, humans have always lived with rules

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24
Q

Approach to measurement

A

Idiographic approach,
Nomothetic approach

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25
Q

Idiographic approach to measurement

A

Attempt to understand the individual as an individual, case studies

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26
Q

Nomothetic approach to measurement

A

Attempt to understand how an individual compares to others, trait theory approach

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27
Q

Trait theory

A

Traits = stable characteristic patterns of behavior,
Traits along a continuum, — Some at the endpoints but most in the middle

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28
Q

The Big Five (Personality)

A

Conscientiousness,
Extraversion,
Neuroticism,
Agreeableness,
Openness to new experiences

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29
Q

Conscientiousness (The Big Five)

A

High: Organize, careful, and self-disciplined
Low: Disorganized, careless, impulsive

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30
Q

Extraversion v. Introversion (The Big Five)

A

Ext: Social, reward/excitement seeking
Int: Withdrawn, seek peaceful contexts

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31
Q

Neuroticism v Emotionally stable (The Big Five)

A

Neurotic: Worried, insecure, failure avoidant
Stable: Calm, secure, self-satisfied

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32
Q

Agreeableness (The Big Five)

A

High: Soft-hearted, trusting, compromising
Low: Ruthless, suspicious, antagonistic

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33
Q

Openness to new experiences (The Big Five)

A

High: Imaginative, variety seeking, independent
Low: Conventional, routine, conforming

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34
Q

Biological Basis of Personality

A

BIS/BAS
Behavioral Inhibition System (Right PFC)
Strongly associated with Neuroticism
Behavioral Activation System (Left PFC)
Strongly associated with extraversion

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35
Q

How similar are Monozygotic Twins?

A

100% genetic Similarity

36
Q

How similar are Dizygotic Twins?

A

50% genetic Similarity

37
Q

Criticisms of Trait Theory

A

The same person might behave differently across situations

38
Q

Learning

A

Non-associative
Associative
Social

39
Q

Associative (Learning)

A

Predictive (cause/effect) relationships

40
Q

Classical/Pavlovian (Learning)

A

Predictive relationship b/n two stimuli
CS: USC -> CR

41
Q

Operant/Skinnerian (Learning)

A

Predictive relationship b/n behavior and consequences
B:C -> thetaB

42
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS/US)

A

Not learned Stimulus

43
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR/UR)

A

Not learned Response

44
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

Does not produce high levels of UCR

45
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

Learned stimulus, produces a response

46
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

A result of learning

47
Q

Rescorla Wagner model

A

Pairing vary in ease of association
Contiguity (Distance/time)
Contingency (Correlation)
Stimulus value
Novelty of stimulus

48
Q

The law of effect

A

Thorndike (1898) “Responses that produce a satisfying state of affairs become more likely, and responses that produce a dissatisfying state of affairs become less likely”

49
Q

The basic paradigm

A

Phase 1: wait… for target behavior
Phase 2: the learner performs the target behavior (naturally)
Phase 3: ?????
Phase 4: go back to step 1

50
Q

Reinforcer (Behavior)

A

Anything that strengthens behavior

51
Q

Positive Reinforcement (Behavior)

A

Administering a stimulus that is pleasant
Increase likelihood
Administer

52
Q

Negative Reinforcement (Behavior)

A

Remove stimulus, unpleasant (to remove something it has to be given first)
Increase likelihood
Remove

53
Q

Punishment (Behavior)

A

Anything that weakens behavior

54
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Administer stimulus
Decrease likelihood
Administer

55
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Remove stimulus, take away something pleasant
Kid is a biter, put in timeout (take away their freedom), less likely to bite.
Decrease likelihood
Remove

56
Q

Shaping (Behavior)

A

Successive reinforcements of the desired behavior

Break behavior down into steps
Continue reinforcing slowly moving toward the “desired” behavior

57
Q

Continuous (reinforcement)

A

Quicker learning, but quick extinction

58
Q

Intermittent (reinforcement)

A

Slows learning, but reduces pace of extinction

59
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A learning process that uses rewards and punishments to modify behavior
Good for Applied Behavior Analysis - ABA

60
Q

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

A

scientific method for changing behavior through the use of learning principles.
Used for:
Autism Spectrum disorders
Child training programs

61
Q

What do you experience when you feel an emotion?

A

Heart rate, facial expression, sweating, crying

62
Q

Physiological Arousal (emotion)

A

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic activation

63
Q

Subjective evaluation (emotion)

A

Valence, Something like “I felt my heart drop”

64
Q

Cognitive interpretation

A

Ascribing a label

65
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Significant life event -> Arousal -> Emotion

66
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Significant life event -> Thalamus -> Emotion/Arousal

67
Q

Two-Factor Theory - Emotions are identified as the result of:

A

1) Physiological and subjective experience
2) Cognitive interpretation of those internal states —– Significant life Event —-> Arousal —–> Cognitive Interpretation —–> Emotion

68
Q

Emotions are…

A

innate, at least its in all cultures, even in the ones where they don’t show emotions so much like china

69
Q

What is Cross-cultural Consistency?

A

Experienced the same across cultures

70
Q

What is Cross-Cultural Distinctiveness?

A

Experienced differently across cultures

71
Q

Do emotions help Decision-making?

A

Affect-as-information

72
Q

What is Upward Counterfactual?

A

Imagining a better possible outcome

73
Q

What is Downward Counterfactual ?

A

Imaginig a worse possible outcome

74
Q

What is Motivation?

A

Any factor that provides energy (initiating and persisting qualities) and/or direction to behavior

75
Q

What are needs?

A

Primary factors that motivation is directed toward

76
Q

Name the Physiological needs

A

Food, Air, Water, Sex drive, Waste Relief

77
Q

Name the Psychological needs

A

Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness

78
Q

What is Drive? (Needs -> drive -> behavior)

A

Psychological states that give ENERGY to behavior, Experienced when Deprived of needs

Stuff like: Hunger, Loneliness, Anxious

79
Q

what is the goal of DRT? (Drive Reduction Theory)

A

Homeostasis

80
Q

What is Problem Focused Coping?

A

Acting on the source of the distress (the need)

81
Q

What is Emotion Focused Coping?

A

Acting on the unpleasant sensation that results from deprivation ( the drive)

82
Q

What is Self-Determination theory?

A

Two different factors can afffect motivation

83
Q

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

A

External consequences that operantly condition behavior

84
Q

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

A

Internal states and cognitive processes that motivate behavior

PSYCH (4 decks)

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