Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH > PSYCH > Flashcards

PSYCH Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is Signal Detection Theory

A

A framework that measures how well someone can distinguish between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that can distract from that information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Absolute vs Difference Threshold

A

The absolute threshold is the smallest amount of stimulation needed for a human to notice it 50% of the time. The difference threshold is the smallest amount of change in stimulation for a human to notice 50% of the time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

The process by which our brain cells become less sensitive to constant stimuli that are picked up by our senses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(Transduction) Vision

A

The process in the eye whereby absorption of the light in the retina is translated into electrical signals that ultimately reach the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(Transduction) Audition

A

The transduction of sound waves into a neural signal that is made possible by the structures of the ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(Transduction) Olfaction

A

The process by which odor molecules are converted into electrical signals that the brain interprets as smells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(Transduction) Gustation

A

Initiated when taste stimuli interact with receptor sites on the exposed apical microvilli of receptor cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(Transduction) Tactile/Haptic sensation

A

The process of converting a physical force on the skin into an electrical signal that is then encoded.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thresholds

A

Min amount of stimulation required to be able to:
Detect (sensory threshold)
Experience (perceptual threshold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Subjective Perceptual Threshold (SPT)

A

Fully Aware - Could be Aware

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Objective Perceptual Threshold (OPT)

A

Sensed/Not Aware (subliminal messages?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Absolute Sensory Threshold (AST)

A

Neither Sensed nor Aware

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Wavelength

A

(frequency) Pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Amplitude

A

Loudness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

psychological strategy that involves using sensory information to understand the world around us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Top-down processing

A

perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Different types of touch

A

Temperature (Warm, Cold)
Pressure (Vibration, fast/slow/steady pressure)
Pain (sharp, Dull)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cornea

A

A clear, curved layer at the front of your eye, allows light to enter your eye. The curvature allows it to bend this light inward which helps produce a sharp, focused image on the retina. Responsible for most of the bending of light in the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Iris

A

While the iris is often noted upon because it is the colored portion of your eye, it is actually a muscle which can contract to dilate the pupil or relax to constrict the pupil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pupil

A

The pupil open (dilates) and closes(constricts) to control amount of light entering eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lens

A

The shape of the eye’s lens can be changed by the ciliary muscles that surround it. Called accommodation works similar to that of the adjustable focus on a camera and allows the eye to change its point of focus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rods`

A

Receptor cells within the retina. initiate transduction of light cells into electrical neural impulses. approximately 120 million rods in each eye. Very sensitive to light so they work best in dark conditions. Can also notice movement in the perephery from them, and will be fuzzy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cones

A

Only stimulated by very bright lights. Able to detect the patterns in light that can be perceived as color and have very high visual acuity - they see things very clearly. approximately 6 million cones in each eye. most densely populated in the fovea which is the center of our field of vision.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

retina

A

The retina is a photosensitive(i.e., responsive to light) layer at the back of the eye. It contains the sensory receptors (rods and cones) that transduce the light into neural signals for the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fovea

A

A small area in the center of the retina that contains only cones. As such it is the area of highest acuity on the retina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Transduction

A

Process of translating sensory info into neural impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Photoreceptor cell

A

Fovea, and Peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Peripheral

A

Not the fovea light is getting cast into your periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

A

Wavelength - from the peaks to the valleys of light (Mostly from peak to peak or valley to valley)
Amplitude - The height of the color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sensation is determined by sound’s

A

Wavelength(frequency) - High pitch = a lot of waves or small amounts of waves
Amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Perceptual Sets

A

A predisposition or expectation to perceive (see, hear, etc). things a certain way based on previous experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts

32
Q

Bottom-up(sensation)

A

Sensation of basic features that are integrated into knowledge

33
Q

Top-Down (perception)

A

Use memory/expectations/knowledge to interpret/recognize/understand information

34
Q

Binocular cues

A

Have to have both eyes open and functioning, the thing we are looking at must have depth

35
Q

Monocular cues

A

when only one eye is open

36
Q

Ponzo illusion results from size constancy due to:

A

Linear Perspective: There is depth in this image
Relative size: the bakc line must be longer

37
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information into the “code” of memory, processing of info in multiple components

38
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Brief and immense(but limited) storage,,,
has a limit, also does not last very long, only a fraction of a second

39
Q

SensM

A

just another way of saying Sensory Memory

40
Q

Working Memory

A

Filters info attended to from SensM->WM
Phonological loop(brocas area to arnecas area)
Retrieves from LTM

41
Q

How limited is Working Memory?

A

It can store up to a few minutes
The magic number for storage is 7 +/-2 units
these are units: Letters, Numbers, Words, Concepts, Chunks(wtf, omg)

42
Q

Chunks

A

A unit of smaller units connected by meaning

43
Q

Serial Position effect

A

A cognitive phenomenon where people tend to remember the first and last items in a series better than the middle items
(Primacy effect, Recency effect)

44
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Working memory in a serial position, goes all the way up to 7 units of information being able to be recalled

45
Q

Recency effect

A

Immediate recall gives higher recall points for the last few, delayed recall gets a ton less points because its not coming from sensory memory.(also magic number)

46
Q

Automatic encoding

A

Fast & efficient, minimal awareness
poor for complex info

stuff like movie lines and song lyrics would get this

47
Q

Effortful encoding

A

Slower & inefficient, Requires awareness
Better for complex info

48
Q

Long term Memory

A

stores “everything”
stores “forever”

49
Q

Schema

A

Way of organizing things in your head or something like that

50
Q

Why is elaboration rehearsal better than maintenance rehearsal?

A

because of how memory is stored -> Representational storage

51
Q

Two main types of retrieval

A

Recall - recover without assistance
Recognition - identifying answer from pool of possible answers

52
Q

Explicit memory(Declaration)

A

Consciously retrieved into awareness
Episodic, Semantic

53
Q

Episodic (Explicit Memory)

A

Telling a story of what happened (basically)

54
Q

Semantic (Explicit Memory)

A

Memories for facts and details (who was the 16th president of the US?)

55
Q

Implicit Memory(NonDeclarative)

A

Automatically retrieve w/out awareness
Procedural, Classical Conditioning

56
Q

Procedural (Implicit Memory)

A

remembering how to do something, like riding a bike, tying shoes.

57
Q

Classical Conditioning (Implicit Memory)

A

Learning assocation, Pavlov’s dog’s

58
Q

Pavlov’s dog’s

A

Rang the bell and it would make the dogs salivate due to them associating the bell with food or treats

59
Q

Shallow Processing

A

Something like repeating a word over and over
More conscious retieval/more errors
Schematic storage: one connection

60
Q

Deep processing

A

Remember stuff by asking questions, like is it a noun? or how many letters are in it? and such.
More automatic retieval/fewer errors
Schematic storage: lots of connections

61
Q

Social Development
(attachment in infants)

A

Desire for physical contact, anxiety when separated

62
Q

Temperament

A

Personality during childhood

63
Q

Secure (infant stuff)

A

In presence of Caregiver (Plays and Explores)
When Caregiver Leaves (Moderate distress)
When Caregiver returns ( Seeks contact and easily calmed)

64
Q

Insecure: Avoidant 20% (infant stuff)

A

In presence of Caregiver (Stays close less free Exploration)
When Caregiver Leaves (Almost no distress)
When Caregiver returns ( Avoids attachment figure)

65
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

avoid closeness & less invested relationships

66
Q

Anxious/Ambivalent

A

Possessive & jealous

67
Q

Secure attachment

A

Easy to get close to others, not too dependent & satisfying relationships

68
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting new information in terms of existing schemas

69
Q

Accommodation

A

Adjusting current schemas to make sense of new information

70
Q

Four stages of development

A

Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperational stage (2-7 years)
Concrete stage (7-12 years)
Formal Operational stage (12-adult)

71
Q

Palmar grasp

A

Anything that comes into a newborns palm, they will hold it extremely tight

72
Q

Rooting and suckling

A

Touches the mouth the newborn will try to suckle (something like this will happen), although this will happen within the next 72 hours of being born.

73
Q

Moro reflex

A

Baby startle reflex, Spreads the arms and such

74
Q

Babinski

A

Similar to the palmar, it’s the soul of the foot. Two forms, rub the souls of an adult foot, their toes will curl under and they will laugh. For a baby it will spread the toes

75
Q

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

A

Thinking tends to be one-dimensional, inability to take another’s POV

76
Q

Theory of mind

A

First step into developing empathy, and understanding people have different POV from you. Also ability to lie

77
Q

Concrete Operational stage (7-12 years)

A

Can grasp logical rules grounded in experience and reality, can understand basic mathematical rules

78
Q

Formal Operational stage (12-adult)

A

Can reason abstractly and evaluate logical propositions independent of personal experience.

PSYCH (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions