PSYCH 282 MIDTERM 2 Flashcards
What is included in the Functional Assessment Process?
- Identify and define target behaviours that need to be increased / decreased
- Initiate baseline data collection
- Complete functional assessment - hypothesize (ABC)
- Develop and implement treatment
- Evaluate effectiveness of treatment
What are the four Categories of Reinforcement?
Social Positive Reinforcement
Social Negative Reinforcement
Automatic Positive Reinforcement
Automatic Negative Reinforcement
What is Social Positive Reinforcement?
Reinforcement that comes from other people (praise, reactions)
What is Social Negative Reinforcement?
Reinforcement that comes from other people (escaping from tasks)
What is Automatic Positive Reinforcement?
Reinforcement is a natural consequence of the behaviour not mediated by others. (sensory stimulation; spinning)
What is Automatic Negative Reinforcement?
Reinforcement is a natural consequence of the behavior and not mediated by others. (relief from pain or aversive stimuli)
What is Indirect Assessment? (functional assessment)
Behavioral interviews and getting information from others.
Low reliability but quick and easy to conduct
What is Direct Observation Assessment? (ABC Observation)
Descriptive ABC recording, checklist, interval recording
More accurate
Takes a lot of time and energy
What is Functional Analysis?
Manipulating antecedents, MOs, and consequences, to observe changes in behavior and then replicate
What is Exploratory Functional Analysis?
Testing a range of different functions
What are the three Functional Analysis Conditions?
Test condition - present EO, deliver reinforcer for problem behaviour
Control condition - present ao, do not deliver reinforcer if problem behavior occurs
Test and control conditions by function - attention, tangible, escape, automatic.
What is prompting?
Increasing the likelihood that a person will engage in a correct behavior at the correct time
What are the two types of prompts?
response prompts
stimulus prompts
What is a Response Prompt?
Behaviour of others evokes a correct response in the presence of an Sd
Verbal, Gestural, Modelling, Physical
What is a stimulus prompt?
Addition or removal of another stimulus making a correct response more likely in the presence of an Sd
Within and extra
What is a within-stimulus prompt?
Change in dimensions, or position of antecedent stimulus that makes a response more likely
What is a extra-stimulus prompt?
Adding a stimulus that makes the correct response more likely
(the answer behind the flashcard is a stimulus prompt, question is the Sd)
What is fading within prompt?
Eliminating the prompt in one step
Model target behavior only once before that behavior occurs
What is fading across prompts?
Involves fading across different kinds of prompts
What is least- to -most fading?
Use the least intrusive prompt first and then use more intrusive prompts only when necessary
What is most- to -least fading?
Most intrusive prompt first and is then faded into less intrusive prompts
What is Prompt delay?
After the Sd is presented, the prompt is delayed to allow opportunity for an unprompted response
What are behavioural chains?
A complex behaviour consists of many individual behaviours that happen in a sequence
Every behavior in the chain produces a stimulus change that acts as an sd for the next behaviour
What is task analysis?
Process of analyzing a behavioural chain by breaking it down into its individual stimulus-response components
What are the three steps in task analysis ?
- Identify all the behaviors necessary to perform task
- Write them down in order
- Identify the Sd associated with each behaviour
What are some ways that you can perform task analysis?
Observe a compentent person engage in the task
Ask an expert
Perform the task yourself and record each component Sd and its response
What are some strategies to implement task analysis?
written task analysis
picture prompt
video modelling
self-instructions
What is a change agent?
People who create the change (clinician, parent, teacher)
What is differential reinforcement?
An operant training procedures in which some behaviours are systematically reinforrced and some are not
Explain Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate
A behaviour is reinforced only if it occurs no more than a specified number of times in a given period
Example of Full-Session DRL
A child is raising their hand too much, Cindy loves answering questions - Cindy is out of control - I will reinforce after a certain period of time if you make 3 or less hands raised in a period of time - After a full session, you ask to make 3 or fewer.
Example of Spaced-responding DRL
If the child is raising their hand too often, you only reinforce if they have not raised their hand after 15 minutes; if they have not they would not get called on (reinforcement). After 15 minutes, if they raise their hand they will be called on. If they raise their hand within the 15 minutes the time restarts.
What is Differential Reinforcement of High Rate (DRH) ?
Behaviour is only reinforced if it occurs at least a specified number of times in a given period
What is DRO? when is it useful?
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
useful when extinction is not possible
What are the two kinds of DRO?
Whole interval DRO
Momentary DRO
What is Momentary DRO?
The problem must be absent at the end of the interval for reinforcement. 5 minute intervals of disruptive behavior, you would be given a small treat if the behavior isn’t happening at the 5 minute interval.
Very specific moment - is the behavior happening or not in that moment?
Momentary is not that helpful unless you use whole interval first
What is DRA?
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior
A desired behaviour is reinforced while an undesired behaviour is extinguished
Example of DRA:
Mrs. Williams in an old folks home, when she arrived she was happy and positive. Overtime she was negative and the nurses wanted her to refocus on being positive. The complaining was decreased through extinction and not paying any attention when she was complaining about things.
If behavior isn’t occurring in the first place you cannot increase it - it has to have a baseline level to begin with - if it doesn’t go back shaping.
What is a Single Stimulus Preference Assessment ?
Potential reinforcers presented individually multiple times in random orderings
Giving one and seeing if they like it
What is Paired Stimulus Preference Assessment?
Potential reinforcers are presented in pairs to see what is preferred
What is DNRA?
Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviour
A: Teacher asks Jason to do his work
B: Jason slams the desk and rocks back and forth
C: Jason escapes school work and sits by himself
Outcome: Jason is more likely to engage in problem behavior when teacher asks him to do school work
You have them do school work and reinforce them with breaks to school work. You can have a break and watch TV etc.
What are the two variations of DRA?
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviour
Differential Reinforcement of Communication
Explain DRI
Behaviour that is incompatible when the unwanted behaviour is reinforced - Playing with toys so that you cannot self harm.
Explain DRC
A communication response is reinforced to replace the problematic behaviour - asking for a break instead of tantrum
Summarize DRL, DRO & DRA
DRL: decrease but not eliminate
DRO: eliminate
DRA: increase existing desirable behaviour
What is a controlling stimulus?
Any antecedent or stimulus that changes the probability of an operant behaviour
Sd
Sdelta
Save
Describe “discriminative stimulus” Sd
A stimulus or event that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for reinforcement. Green light means peck and get food
Describe “Extinction Stimulus” Sdelta
A stimulus or event that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for non-reinforcement. Red light means no matter how hard you peck you get no food
What is an antecedent control procedure?
Manipulating controlling stimuli in the environment to make more desirable behaviours less likely
You are driving home from school and you see a Tim Hortons sign (Sd) and you have an opportunity for reinforcement (coffee, donut).
Next time, you walk home from school and do not see the Tim Hortons so you do not have the opportunity for reinforcement.
What is Conditioned Aversive Stimulus? Save
A stimulus or event that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for escape or avoidance
What is Unconditioned Aversive Stimulus? Primary Aversive Stimulus
A stimulus or event that, as a function of species history, an organism escapes or avoids
What are the three Aversive Contingencies?
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
Describe overcorrection
A form of positive punishment in which the individual has to engage in effortful behaviour contingent on the problem behaviour
Describe Restitution
Contingent on the problem behaviour, the individual is required to fix the environment disrupted by the problem behaviour
