Final Flashcards
Discrimination:
Refers to precise stimulus control - high middle point on graph that is low on either end
Generalization:
refers to less precise stimulus control - more open on a graph / spread
Stimuli exemplar:
stimuli that represent the range of relevant stimulus situations in which the response should occur after training
Why is generalization important?
Training occurs in one place
Training occurs to a narrow range of stimuli
Describe the strategy to promote generalization that reinforces the occurrence of generalization
training setting and the criterion setting should be similar
training criterion should gradually become more dissimilar
Describe ways to train skills that contact naturally occurring contingencies of reinforement (strategy to promote generalization)
must analyze the natural contingencies at the outset of behaviour modification
train skills that have their own naturally occurring reinforcers (getting fired)
if the particular skills have no naturally occurring reinforcers then train the learner to solicit reinforcement (functional communication training - ask for a reinforcement like candy or asking a teacher how you are doing)
Describe ways to modify contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment. (strategy to promote generalization)
requires control over the natural environment (schools, hospitals, correction facilities)
asking a teacher or peer to reinforce the individual when they see the behaviour
Informing others how to react when the behaviour occurs
Describe how to incorporate a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training (strategy to promote generalization).
sample all relevant Sds and Sdeltas for the target behavior
train sufficient stimulus examplars
Stimulus exemplar: stimuli that represent the range of relevant stimulus situations in which the response should occur after training
How can you incorporate common stimuli ? (strategy to promote generalization).
from real world setting ino training setting
make the two contexts similar
How can you train a range of functionally equivalent responses? (strategy to promote generalization).
different Sd’s may require different responses to obtain the same reinforcement
Like opening different kinds of door knobs / entries
Describe how you can provide cues in the natural setting? (strategy to promote generalization).
may include people or aspects of the physical environment
useful if irrelevant aspects of the training scenario (besides the desired sd) are controlling the behaviour
bring in aspects of the training setting into the natural setting
Describe how you can incorporate self-generated mediators of generalization (strategy to promote generalization).
self recording - indicate to yourself that you did it properly / improperly on specific days
Self- instruction
A reminder to when a behaviour should occur
Recap of generalization strategies
Reinforce occurrences of generalization
Train skills to contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
Modify contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment
Incorporate a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training
Incorporate common stimuli into training
Teach a range of functionally equivalent responses
Provide cues / prompts in the criterion / target / natural setting
Incorporate self-generated mediators
Describe Self-Management:
When a person uses behaviour modification procedures to change their behaviour, the process is self-management
What are the two types of self-management problems?
behavior deficits and behavior excess
Describe behavior deficits:
Desirable behaviors are NOT occurring
Reinforcers may be delayed
High response effort to obtain the reinforcer - why do it then
Reinforcers may have little value
Competing contingencies offer immediate reinforcement
Competing contingencies offer stronger reinforcers
Punishing contingencies may be in place
Consider the role of antecedent stimuli in the environment
Describe behavior excess:
Undesirable behaviors are occurring excessively (smoking / drinking)
Punishers may be delayed (effects of smoking / overeating)
Immediate reinforcers present
Low response cost to obtain immediate reinforcers - low cost for short term
Competing contingencies offer weak reinforcement - may not be as reinforcing to quit
Competing contingencies may be punished
Consider the role of antecedent stimuli in the environment
What are the immediate and delayed outcomes of behavior deficits?
Immediate: decreased reinforcement value, increased response effort to prepare healthy food, reinforcement for competing behavior (junk food)
Delayed: better health, weight loss, more energy, less constipation
What are the immediate and delayed outcomes of behavior excess ?
Immediate: immediate reinforcement, little response effort, response effort for alternative behaviors
Delayed: lung cancer, heart disease, stained teeth
What are the 5 ways to cope with delayed reinforcers?
Commit to delayed behaviors early and punish non-compliance of this commitment
Throw out a game to punish for playing Xbox
Make the non-compliant behavior delayed or harder to perform
Disconnect Xbox and put into storage and have to set it up again
Remove or delay Sd for engaging in the non-compliant behavior
Keep your Xbox tucked away in a shelf where it is out of sight
Make the non-compliant behavior impossible
Sell your Xbox
Incorporate immediate reinforcers for engaging in the compliant behavior
Give yourself a gummy bear for every paragraph you read in the textbook
Example of self management:
Spencer wants to increase how much he reads. He develops a data sheet on his computer that includes a space to record the time and duration of reading that he did each day and another space for his goal for each day. Spencers’ ultimate goal was to read 490 pages per week; however he started with a goal of reading 20 pages per day then increasing each week until he reached his goal. He kept his book on the kitchen counter, which was easily accessible. He also plotted a graph each week and posted it behind his bed. Spencer also spent time with his gf who read frequently and asked her to keep him accountable for his reading.
Behavior deficit
Describe the controlling behavior and the controlled behavior
Controlling behavior: self-management strategy
Controlled behavior: target behavior to be changed in a self-management program. What behavior you choose.
What is the acronym SMART ?(self-management)
SPECIFIC
MEASUREABLE
ACHIEVABLE
REALISTIC
TIMELY
What can be helpful to use in self management?
Avoid “short-circuiting” the contingency
Have someone else control the consequences
Be very cautious of ratio strain
Consider effects of satiation and deprivation in EOs:
Have multiple reinforcers to choose from
Token economies
What antecedent manipulations are used for presenting Sd & Sdelta?
Present Sds for desirable behaviors
Present sdeltas for undesirable behaviors
What antecedent manipulations are used for removing Sd & Sdelta?
Remove Sds for undesirable behaviors
Remove sdeltas for desirable behaviors
What antecedent manipulations are used for EO & AO
Arrange a EO for desirable behaviors (deprivation)
Arrange a AO for undesirable behaviors (satiation)
What is a behavior contract?
A written document specifying target behavior and contingencies
What are the reinforcers or punishers?
What is the schedule of reinforcement / punishment?
Create contingencies for the behaviors occurrence and nonoccurrence if possible
Having a contract manager is very important - another person holding you accountable
Make your contract / plan public so there are social consequences for failing or succeeding
How can you use self-praise and self-instruction for self-management strategies ?
Self-praise
Making positive statements to yourself or providing positive evaluations of your own behavior after engaging in the appropriate behavior
A conditioned reinforcer
Self-instruction
Statements that make a target behavior more likely to occur in a specific situation
Use in conjunction with self-praise
Use of self-instructions and self-praise is learned over time
Decide what they will be and when they will occur
What are the 8 steps in self-management?
1.Decide to engage in self-management
2.Define target behaviors and competing behaviors
3.Set goal or series of goals
4.Develop self-monitoring plan and begin self-monitoring and collect baseline measurements
5.Conduct a functional assessment of the antecedents and consequences of the target behavior and alternative behaviors (generalization procedures)
6.Implement appropriate self-management strategies based on functional assessment information
7.Evaluate change from baseline once self-management strategies are implemented
8.Modify self-management strategies if necessary
9.Implement maintenance strategies to keep change going over time
Move to intermittent reinforcement schedules
Schedule times to self-monitor behavior occasionally
