Psych 269 Test 3 Flashcards
characteristics of Type I diabetes
- lack of insulin production
- abrupt onset of symptoms
- possible genetics, viral, immune etiology
- immune system destroys beta cells
- onset: earlier in girls than boys
- management: monitoring daily and direct injections
characteristics of Type II diabetes
- non-insulin dependent
- onset: typically after 40, middle and older age
- increasing in children
onset of diabetes
- balance of insulin production and insulin sensitivity awry
- rising levels of blood glucose
- insulin-resistance
- temporary increase in insulin
- insulin cells give-out, insulin levels fall and develop diabetes
faulty communication between patient and doctor
- not listening
- using jargon
- ‘baby talk’
- nonperson treatment
- failure to provide to communicate empathy
health disparity
existing differences between specific groups with regards to adverse health conditions
six health areas that typically reflect disparity
- infant mortality
- cancer screening and management
- cardiovascular disease
- diabetes
- HIV infections/ AIDS
- immunizations
which groups face health disparities?
- low income
- racial and ethnic minority groups
- women
- children
- the elderly
- gay and lesbian individuals
- individuals with special health care needs
- individuals who live in rural areas
stereotypes of patients by providers
- less communication, support and quality care to black, hispanic and low SES
- older: less quality of care
- women: less likely to be diagnosed with heart problems
- female physicians more questions, longer visits, more positive comments
- gender matching may increase satisfaction
patients contributions to faulty communication
- patient characteristics: neuroticism and anxiety
- patient knowledge of diagnosis and treatment
- patient attitudes toward symptoms
- patient feedback to provider about treatment
biological factors of health disparity
caveat about diagnosis and treatment
social and environmental factors of health disparity
- education
- housing
- nutrition
- economics
- culture
- stress
alternative medicine
- range of broad therapeutic approaches and philosophies generally defined as health care practices
- generally not taught in medical schools
- not generally used in hospital settings or reimbursed by insurance
holistic health
- the whole person
- addresses physical, emotional and spiritual needs
- health is positive state to actively be achieved, not merely the absence of disease
complementary medicine
- alternative medicine used also with biomedical approach
- not “new alternatives”
integrative medicine
- combining evidence - supported CAM and biomedical approach
CAM
complimentary alternative medicine
what are they using it for?
- back problems
- anxiety or depression
- sleep problems
- pain
- headaches
Philosophy and Principles and reasons for use
- psychological and spiritual influences
- patients given responsibility for health
- health education, self-help, self-healing
- natural, low-technology interventions used
- patient-provider relationship which is more open, equal, reciprocal, potential emotional contact
biomedical evidence
- controlled clinical trials with hypothesis testing and isolation of factors
- randomized and representative samples
- quantitative and standardized outcome variables
CAM evidence
- holistic approach and non-isolation of factors
- case studies without representative samples
- self-report outcomes
Biofeedback
- for tension, stress and pain
- biophysiological feeback
- for joint pain and hypertension
- more evident of relaxation
types of complementary and alternative medicines
- biofeedback
- meditation
- acupuncture
- naturopathy
meditation
- more low-frequency alpha, theta and delta brain waves (rest and relaxation)
- fewer high-frequency beta waves (alterness)
- decrease lactate in bloodstream (anxiety)
- improve immune system
- higher serotonin levels
- not highly efficacious for pain
- causes: mantra, achieve awareness of present moment, and decreases O2 consumption, heart rate and breathing
meditation now used in military
- think more clearly under fire
- quick decisions
- reset nervous systems after being in combat
what is acupuncture
- long, thin needles in areas of body
- selection of more than 2000 points
- needles sometimes twirled, heated or electrically stimulated
- belief that evener part of body corresponds to the whole
- 14 lines of energy on body (meridians or qi) invisible energy path
- points allow for correction of blockages or deficiencies in qi
what is acupuncture used for
- used to cure illness and manage pain
- analgesia
- used to treat addiction
- less side effects and may reduce withdrawal
- better for short-term used than for chronic pain
what may account for effects of acupuncture
- distraction
- placebo effect
- affect sensation
- often receive drugs
- may release endorphins
- fMRI showed significant decreases in neural activity in ‘pain-related’ brain structures
- may affect perception of pain
- influences immune system functioning
what is naturopathy and what it’s used for
- treatment by returning to natural state
- treating problems related to lifestyle and environment
- used for allergies, chronic infections, arthritis, headache, hypertension, fatigue, depression
- positive effects but many untested and unregulated
herbal medicine used in naturopathy
- often in food supplements, medicines or teas
- often sublet effects
- studies inconclusive, probably specific herbs for specific purposes
food supplements used in naturopathy
- vitamins and food
- positive effects with deficiencies vs megadose therapies
- less side effects with some
- unknown side effects with others
- often taken without physicians knowledge
- less stringent than FDA drug regulations
- often other elements needed
positive psychology
positive emotions, positive traits, the environments that support them
signature strengths of positive psychology
- building strengths as fixing problems
- nut ruing talent and leading fulfilling lives as healing pathology
- top satisfaction: gratitude, hope, zest and love (internal)
explanatory style
- optimistic vs pessimistic
- tend to believe good things will occur vs bad
- three dimensions
- explain bad events by stable, internal causes that are global in effect > takes responsibility
three dimensions of explanatory style
- stable vs unstable (if cause can be changed)
- global vs specific (specific to this case or applies to broad domain)
- internal vs external (within self or outside self)
what stimuli do pessimists attend to?
negative stimuli
what stimuli do optimists attend to?
to both negative and positive stimuli
how does optimism improve health?
- do something about, under their control
- immune system: lower stress and responds better and with more strength to challenges
- lower cardiovascular risk and lower blood pressure
what are the Big 5?
- neuroticism
- extraversion
- openness
- conscientiousness
- agreeableness
issues with health care systems
- possible wait for certain operations and procedures
- taxpayer expense
- access, choices, services and stays
- citizens may buy private insurance
- health professionals compensation
what is related to happiness?
- marriage
- religious faith
- frineds
- health
- job satisfaction
how can happiness be cultivated?
- commitment to self, work , family and other important values
- sense of personal control over one’s life
- ability to see change as challenge to master
two types of choosers
- maximizers
- satisficers
maximizers
aspire to select the best
satisficers
are ok with “good” enough
