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Psych 269 > Psych 269 Test 3 > Flashcards

Psych 269 Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of Type I diabetes

A
  • lack of insulin production
  • abrupt onset of symptoms
  • possible genetics, viral, immune etiology
  • immune system destroys beta cells
  • onset: earlier in girls than boys
  • management: monitoring daily and direct injections
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2
Q

characteristics of Type II diabetes

A
  • non-insulin dependent
  • onset: typically after 40, middle and older age
  • increasing in children
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3
Q

onset of diabetes

A
  • balance of insulin production and insulin sensitivity awry
  • rising levels of blood glucose
  • insulin-resistance
  • temporary increase in insulin
  • insulin cells give-out, insulin levels fall and develop diabetes
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4
Q

faulty communication between patient and doctor

A
  • not listening
  • using jargon
  • ‘baby talk’
  • nonperson treatment
  • failure to provide to communicate empathy
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5
Q

health disparity

A

existing differences between specific groups with regards to adverse health conditions

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6
Q

six health areas that typically reflect disparity

A
  • infant mortality
  • cancer screening and management
  • cardiovascular disease
  • diabetes
  • HIV infections/ AIDS
  • immunizations
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7
Q

which groups face health disparities?

A
  • low income
  • racial and ethnic minority groups
  • women
  • children
  • the elderly
  • gay and lesbian individuals
  • individuals with special health care needs
  • individuals who live in rural areas
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8
Q

stereotypes of patients by providers

A
  • less communication, support and quality care to black, hispanic and low SES
  • older: less quality of care
  • women: less likely to be diagnosed with heart problems
  • female physicians more questions, longer visits, more positive comments
  • gender matching may increase satisfaction
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9
Q

patients contributions to faulty communication

A
  • patient characteristics: neuroticism and anxiety
  • patient knowledge of diagnosis and treatment
  • patient attitudes toward symptoms
  • patient feedback to provider about treatment
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10
Q

biological factors of health disparity

A

caveat about diagnosis and treatment

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11
Q

social and environmental factors of health disparity

A
  • education
  • housing
  • nutrition
  • economics
  • culture
  • stress
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12
Q

alternative medicine

A
  • range of broad therapeutic approaches and philosophies generally defined as health care practices
  • generally not taught in medical schools
  • not generally used in hospital settings or reimbursed by insurance
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13
Q

holistic health

A
  • the whole person
  • addresses physical, emotional and spiritual needs
  • health is positive state to actively be achieved, not merely the absence of disease
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14
Q

complementary medicine

A
  • alternative medicine used also with biomedical approach

- not “new alternatives”

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15
Q

integrative medicine

A
  • combining evidence - supported CAM and biomedical approach
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16
Q

CAM

A

complimentary alternative medicine

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17
Q

what are they using it for?

A
  • back problems
  • anxiety or depression
  • sleep problems
  • pain
  • headaches
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18
Q

Philosophy and Principles and reasons for use

A
  • psychological and spiritual influences
  • patients given responsibility for health
  • health education, self-help, self-healing
  • natural, low-technology interventions used
  • patient-provider relationship which is more open, equal, reciprocal, potential emotional contact
19
Q

biomedical evidence

A
  • controlled clinical trials with hypothesis testing and isolation of factors
  • randomized and representative samples
  • quantitative and standardized outcome variables
20
Q

CAM evidence

A
  • holistic approach and non-isolation of factors
  • case studies without representative samples
  • self-report outcomes
21
Q

Biofeedback

A
  • for tension, stress and pain
  • biophysiological feeback
  • for joint pain and hypertension
  • more evident of relaxation
22
Q

types of complementary and alternative medicines

A
  • biofeedback
  • meditation
  • acupuncture
  • naturopathy
23
Q

meditation

A
  • more low-frequency alpha, theta and delta brain waves (rest and relaxation)
  • fewer high-frequency beta waves (alterness)
  • decrease lactate in bloodstream (anxiety)
  • improve immune system
  • higher serotonin levels
  • not highly efficacious for pain
  • causes: mantra, achieve awareness of present moment, and decreases O2 consumption, heart rate and breathing
24
Q

meditation now used in military

A
  • think more clearly under fire
  • quick decisions
  • reset nervous systems after being in combat
25
Q

what is acupuncture

A
  • long, thin needles in areas of body
  • selection of more than 2000 points
  • needles sometimes twirled, heated or electrically stimulated
  • belief that evener part of body corresponds to the whole
  • 14 lines of energy on body (meridians or qi) invisible energy path
  • points allow for correction of blockages or deficiencies in qi
26
Q

what is acupuncture used for

A
  • used to cure illness and manage pain
  • analgesia
  • used to treat addiction
  • less side effects and may reduce withdrawal
  • better for short-term used than for chronic pain
27
Q

what may account for effects of acupuncture

A
  • distraction
  • placebo effect
  • affect sensation
  • often receive drugs
  • may release endorphins
  • fMRI showed significant decreases in neural activity in ‘pain-related’ brain structures
  • may affect perception of pain
  • influences immune system functioning
28
Q

what is naturopathy and what it’s used for

A
  • treatment by returning to natural state
  • treating problems related to lifestyle and environment
  • used for allergies, chronic infections, arthritis, headache, hypertension, fatigue, depression
  • positive effects but many untested and unregulated
29
Q

herbal medicine used in naturopathy

A
  • often in food supplements, medicines or teas
  • often sublet effects
  • studies inconclusive, probably specific herbs for specific purposes
30
Q

food supplements used in naturopathy

A
  • vitamins and food
  • positive effects with deficiencies vs megadose therapies
  • less side effects with some
  • unknown side effects with others
  • often taken without physicians knowledge
  • less stringent than FDA drug regulations
  • often other elements needed
31
Q

positive psychology

A

positive emotions, positive traits, the environments that support them

32
Q

signature strengths of positive psychology

A
  • building strengths as fixing problems
  • nut ruing talent and leading fulfilling lives as healing pathology
  • top satisfaction: gratitude, hope, zest and love (internal)
33
Q

explanatory style

A
  • optimistic vs pessimistic
  • tend to believe good things will occur vs bad
  • three dimensions
  • explain bad events by stable, internal causes that are global in effect > takes responsibility
34
Q

three dimensions of explanatory style

A
  • stable vs unstable (if cause can be changed)
  • global vs specific (specific to this case or applies to broad domain)
  • internal vs external (within self or outside self)
35
Q

what stimuli do pessimists attend to?

A

negative stimuli

36
Q

what stimuli do optimists attend to?

A

to both negative and positive stimuli

37
Q

how does optimism improve health?

A
  • do something about, under their control
  • immune system: lower stress and responds better and with more strength to challenges
  • lower cardiovascular risk and lower blood pressure
38
Q

what are the Big 5?

A
  • neuroticism
  • extraversion
  • openness
  • conscientiousness
  • agreeableness
39
Q

issues with health care systems

A
  • possible wait for certain operations and procedures
  • taxpayer expense
  • access, choices, services and stays
  • citizens may buy private insurance
  • health professionals compensation
40
Q

what is related to happiness?

A
  • marriage
  • religious faith
  • frineds
  • health
  • job satisfaction
41
Q

how can happiness be cultivated?

A
  • commitment to self, work , family and other important values
  • sense of personal control over one’s life
  • ability to see change as challenge to master
42
Q

two types of choosers

A
  • maximizers

- satisficers

43
Q

maximizers

A

aspire to select the best

44
Q

satisficers

A

are ok with “good” enough

Psych 269 (3 decks)

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