Psych 269 Test 1 Flashcards
What are the two coping styles?
- avoidance vs. confrontation styles
- problem focused vs. emotion focused
avoidance vs. confrontation styles
- avoidant may or may not bot helpful in short-term
- risk factor for adverse responses to events
- ppl report less stress but may have strong physiological reactions
- avoidant not helpful long-term
- active (confrontative) coping may increase resources and availability
problem focused and emotion focused
- can work together
- problem focused better if can achieve results, otherwise emotion focused better
emotion focused coping
- emotional distress (-) (ruminated)
- emotional-approach coping (+)
- clarifying, focusing on and working through emotions
- may be especially beneficial for women
disclosure to emotion focused coping
- reduce rumination
- may be beneficial after trauma, though careful some harmful especially too soon
- written disclosure
coping style
general propensity to deal with stress events in particular way
stress moderator
modify how stress is experienced and effect it has
role ambiguity
inadequate or misleading information about how to do job
role conflict
- conflicting messages
- values conflict
- conflicting roles or work and family role
work overload
- perceptions as important or more important than objective overload
- too may expectations
- don’t have knowledge or skills
dimensions of stress
- positive or negative events
- controllable or uncontrollable events
- ambiguous events
- overload
- which stressors?
direct pathways to disease from stress
- can’t terminate inflammation
- low immune function
- elevated lipids
- blood pressure
- high hormone activity
indirect pathways to disease from stress
- health-comprimising behaviors
- sleep problems
- decreased nutrition (need calories)
health psychology
devoted to understanding psychological influences on how ppl stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill
biomedical model
- focus on biological factors
- assumes psychological and social factors not important
- emphasis on treatment of illness
biopsychosocial model
- health and illness are due to interaction of biological, psychological and social factors
- emphasis on health, not just illness
etiology
orgins or causes of illness
epidemiology
study of frequency, distribution and causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in population
primary prevention
promote behavior change of bad health habits, prevent form starting bad health habits
barriers to change
- environmental changes
- less incentive to develop health habits when younger
- instability of health behaviors
gain-framed messages
- what you could gain by doing behavior
- adopting health-promoting behavior for positive outcomes or to avoid undesirable outcomes
- ex. brush your teeth for an attractive smile
loss-framed messages
- what one could lose if you don’t do behavior
- failure to adopt health-promoting behavior may have negative outcomes or might miss desirable outcomes
- ex. if don’t brush teeth, might get cavities
effective educational appeal
- colorful and vivid
- communicator expert, prestigious, likable, trustworthy, similar to audience
- strong arguments at beginning and end
- short, clear, direct
- state conclusions specifically
- extreme but not too extreme messages
- know your audience
loss-framed fear appeal
- individual differences
- perceived behavioral control
- moderate fear arousal typically more effective than extreme
- change intentions
health belief model
- whether person perceives health threat (general health values, perceived susceptibility and serenity)
- whether person perceives behavior will reduce threat (belief in effectiveness, costs vs benefits, cues to action)
theory of planned behavior
- health behavior is result of behavioral intentions including:
- attitudes toward specific behavior
- subjective norms related to action
- perceived behavioral control
strengths of the theory of planned behavior
- links beliefs directly to behavior
- detailed picture of ppl’s intentions with respect to particular health habits
- predicts broad array of planned behavior
weakness of theory of planned behavior
- attitudinal changes not as useful for explaining spontaneous behavior change or long-term behavior change
- does not account for behavioral willingness
prevalence
general percentage of cases in the country, population
incidence
number of new cases in a certain period of time
distress
negative stress
eustress
positive stress
research methods
- experiment
- correlational research
- prospective designs
- longitudinal research
- retrospective research
experiment
cause and effect
correlational research
relationship between two variables
prospective designs
event may occur and one will track what happens
longitudinal research
long design, happens over long period of time
retrospective research
go back and look at what has happened, in the past
mind-body connection
- separate vs connected
- separate: middle ages, supernatural explanations of illness
- connected: Hippocrates and galen, renaissance, today
stress
negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive and behavioral changes that are directed toward altering stressful events or accommodating to its effects
general adaptation syndrome
argued that when organism confronts stressor it mobilizes itself for action
- 3 phase: alarm, resistance and exhaustion
what defines the second phase of the general adaptation syndrome, resistance?
organism makes effort to cope with stress
what define the third phase of the general adaptation syndrome, exhaustion?
if organism fails to overcome threat and depletes resources
define tend and befriend
maintains that humans respond to stress with social affiliation and nurturant behavior toward offspring
cognitive appraisal model
- primary appraisal: harm, threat or challenege?
- secondary appraisal: can I cope with it?
effects of primary appraisal
- decrease blood pressure
- confidence in coping ability
- favorable emotional reactions
self-efficacy
belief and capability to do something
effects of secondary appraisal
- physiological
- affective (emotions)
- cognitive
- behavioral
psychoneuroimmunology
interactions among behavioral, neuroendocrine and immunological processes of adaptation
- primary function: distinguish self from outside foreign invader and attack and remove invaders
natural immunity
defense against variety of pathogens, born with it, continues to develop over time
specific immunity
slower and more specific immunity than natural
protective factors of immune functioning
- strengthen
- social support
- optimism
- self-efficacy and personal control
- exercise
- intervetnions
social support types
- tangible assistance
- perceived social support may provide benefits
tangible assistance in social support types
- material support
- informational support
- emotional support
- invisible support
cognitive behavioral programs
- stress inoculation
- time-management
- eliciting relaxation response
- avoiding negative self-talk
- skill acquisition
- take-home assignments
demand-control model of stress
- high demands/high control: by far highest job satisfaction
- low demand/high control: least sleep problems
measures of stress
- self- report
- behavioral measures
- physiological measures (acute stress paradigm and inducing disease)
effects of cortisol on the body
- control metabolism
- reduce inflammation in case of injury
- elevates growth hormone and prolactin
- shuts down digestion, reproduction, physical growth, some aspects of immune system
- helps body return to steady state after stress
