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PSYCH 223 > PSYCH 223 - Chapter 2: The Start of Life > Flashcards

PSYCH 223 - Chapter 2: The Start of Life Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

Chemical substance that determines nature and function of each cell.

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rod shaped portions of DNA or strings of genetic material

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3
Q

Genes

A

Basic unit of genetic information.

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4
Q

Autosomes

A

Every cell in the body expect sex cells.

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5
Q

Allosomes

A

Sex cells; gametes.

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of cell replication, one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

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7
Q

Meiosis

A

The process by which ovum and sperm form with 23 chromosomes each.

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8
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Arises from the random sorting of chromosomes and gene recombination.

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9
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Results of the developing cluster of cells splits into two after fertilization.

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10
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Results from two separate ova being fertilized by two separate sperms.

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11
Q

Increase in Multiple Births

A
  • Increase use of fertility drugs
  • Rise in mothers age
  • Assisted human reproduction
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12
Q

Who determines the sex of the child?

A

The father provides either the X or Y chromosomes

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13
Q

Gregor Johann Mendel

A

Identified that when two competing traits present together, only one would be expressed.

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14
Q

Dominant Trait

A

The trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present.

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15
Q

Recessive Trait

A

The trait that is not expressed when two competing traits are present.

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16
Q

Allele

A

Variant forms of a gene that occurs in pairs.

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17
Q

Genotype

A

Underlying combination of all genetic material or actual DNA in an individual.

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

Set of all the observable traits of an individual

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19
Q

Homozygous

A

The child receives the same allele from both parents.

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20
Q

Heterozygous

A

The child receives different alleles from each parent.

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21
Q

Polygenetic Traits

A

Those whose inheritance/phenotype is controlled by multiple gene pairs. Eg. Skin colour, blood type.

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22
Q

Reaction Range

A

The degree of variability in the expression of a trait depending on the environment.

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23
Q

X-Linked Genes

A

Recessive genes located only on the X chromosomes

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24
Q

Multifactorial Transmission

A

Process where traits are determined by both genetic and environmental factors.

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25
Germinal Stage (0-2 weeks)
- First and shortest stage; Zygote begins to divide into multiple cells. - Zygote is now called Blastocyst.
26
Embryonic Stage (2-8 weeks)
- The major organs begin to develop. - Now called an embryo.
27
Ectoderm
Outer Layer; Skin, hair, teeth, nervous system.
28
Mesoderm
Middle layer; Muscles, bones, blood, circulatory system, kidneys.
29
Endoderm
Inner layer; digestive system, respiratory system.
30
Fetal System ( 8 weeks - birth)
-Largest stage: growth and organ refinement. - Organism is now called Fetus.
31
Viability
Ability for the fetus to survive outside the womb.
32
Myelin
Insulated material that helps in neuronal transmission.
33
Cell Body
Contains nucleus and carries out vital cell functions
34
Axon
Tail-like extensions.
35
Dendrites
Protrusions that make connections with other neurons.
36
Prenatal Vision
Light sensitivity develops between the 17th - 20th week.
37
Prenatal Hearing
Newborns leant to prefer mother voice and native language over novel voices.
38
Prenatal Touch
The senes develops at 8 weeks, around the mouth.
39
Prenatal Taste & Smell
Learn from amniotic fluid and has preference for sweet tastes.
40
Artificial Insemination
A man's sperm is placed directly into a woman's reproductive tract.
41
In-vitro Fertilization
Ova and sperm are removed and fused in a laboratory, then implanted into the uterus.
42
Cryopreservation
Involves freezing cells to stop biological activity.
43
Miscarriage
Pregnancy ends before the developing child gains viability or the ability to survive outside the womb.
44
Abortion
Process of voluntarily ending a pregnancy.
45
Genetic Counselling
Field that deals with helping people tackle issues related to inherited disorders.
46
Prenatal testing
First trimester screen 11-13th week involving blood test or imaging.
47
Ultrasound Villus Sampling
Using high frequency sound waves to produce an image of the unborn baby.
48
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Obtaining a sample of hairlike material from the placenta to obtain a karyotype.
49
Amniocentesis
Fetal cells are drawn from the amniotic fluid to obtain a karyotype.
50
Teratogen
An environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.
51
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Intellectual growth and causes heart and facial deformities that are caused by pregnant mothers consuming substantial amounts of alcohol.
52
What does smoking do to the fetus during pregnancy?
Reduces oxygen and increases carbon dioxide in the fetal environment.
53
What happens as mothers age?
As it increases there is a drop in quality of eggs.
54
What illnesses can be passed on from the mother to fetus?
Rubella, AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea
55
How can the father effect the fetus?
Life style choices can affect sperm quality (as well as age), and behaviour towards mother can increase stress.
56
How does the body know to go into labour?
Around 38 weeks, the brain produces CRH which signals the Pituitary Gland to produce Oxytocin, which triggers the uterus to contract.
57
Stage One of Birth
Contraction every 8-10 minutes, wider cervix.
58
Stage Two of Birth
The head of the baby exits the body.
59
Stage Three of Birth
The umbilical cord and the placenta is pushed out.
60
Episiotomy
An incision made to increase the size of the vaginal opening to allow the baby to pass.
61
Neonate
Other term used for newborns.
62
Anoxia
Restriction of oxygen to the baby.
63
Vernix
Thick greasy substance covering the newborn during birth, provides lubrication.
64
Lanugo
The dark fuzz on the babies skin that disappears soon after birth, provides warmth.
65
Bonding
The close emotional and physical contact between parent and child after birth can trigger chemical reactions in the brain and promote growth in the baby.
66
Obstetricians
Professionals specialized in delivering babies.
67
Lamaze Method
Teaches parents to deal with the pain positively during labour.
68
Bradley Method
"Husband-coached" childbirth that conducts birth without medical intervention.
69
Hypnobirthing
Self-hypnosis to increase concentration of mothers and bring peace.
70
Water Birthing
Women enter water to give birth, which can be soothing transition from womb to world.
71
Epidurals
Works from waist down.
72
Preterm Infants
Babies born before 38 weeks of gestation.
73
Low Birth Weight
Less than 2.5 kg.
74
Small-for-gestational-age Infants
Weight is less than 90% of normal babies
75
Very-low-birthweight Infants
Weights less than 1.25 kg, birthed less than 30 weeks, very low survival rate.
76
Kangaroo Care
Holding an infant skin to skin can promote weight gain in preterm babies
77
Postmature Infants
Unborn 2 weeks after mothers due date.
78
C- Section
The procedure to surgically remove the baby from the uterus. Done when baby is in breech (feet faced towards canal) or transverse (horizontal).
79
Newborn Reflexes
Unlearned, organized involuntary responses to a stimulus.

PSYCH 223 (3 decks)

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