Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYCH 223 > PSYCH 223 - Chapter 1: Introduction > Flashcards

PSYCH 223 - Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Lifespan Development Definition

A

The scientific study of patterns of growth, change, and stability in behaviours that occur throughout the entire lifespan.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lifespan Milestones

A

Age-related differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lifespan Areas of Study?

A

Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Personality and Social Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are age ranges fixed for development?

A

No, they can vary depending on research and cultural context.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of Influence

A
  1. Universal Changes
  2. Individual Specific Changes
  3. Group Specific Changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s the Cohort Effect?

A

A group specific change that is shared within a group because they share time and space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cohorts?

A

A group of people born around the same time in the same place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Continuous Change vs. Discontinuous

A

Continuous: gradual change, cumulative, quantitative
Discontinuous: distinct stages, qualitative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Critical Period

A

Events that have the greatest IRREVERSIBLE consequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sensitive Period

A

Susceptible to some changes, but can be undone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gene and Environment Interaction

A

Genes influence a person’s environment and vie-versa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a Theory?

A

Explanations and prediction about the phenomena of interest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Six Main Perspectives of Development

A
  1. Psychodynamic
  2. Behavioural
  3. Cognitive
  4. Humanistic
  5. Contextual
  6. Biological/Evolutionary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Sigmund Freud: Conflicting unconscious behaviours and the inner self.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Psychosexual Development

A

Pleasure/gratification focus on different body parts. Fixation: behaviour arising from unresolved conflict on the sexual stage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Erik Erikson - Psychosocial Theory

A

Stages of life are marked by an existential crisis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Behavioural

A

Development can be understood through observable behaviour and stimuli in the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  • Pavlov and Watson
  • An organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
  • Pavlov’s dog and Little Albert
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Classical Conditioning - Extinction

A

Conditioned associations can fade if not reinforced, the learnt response is lost.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Classical Conditioning - Generalisation

A

Conditioned associations can be extended to other similar stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • B.F Skinner
  • Type of learning where voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened by positive or negative consequences respectively.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Operant Conditioning - Reinforcement

A

Introduction of stimuli that are likely to increase the probability of certain behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Operant Conditioning - Punishment

A

Introduction of stimuli that are likely to decrease the probability of certain behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Operant Conditioning - Behaviour Modification

A

A formal technique used for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviours and decreasing the frequency of undesirable behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Learning occurs by observing the behaviour of a model person.
26
The Bobo Doll Experiment
Children watched adults punch the doll. When given the opportunity, children do the same and take it further. If they see others get rewarded they are more likely to repeat the behaviour.
27
Reciprocal Determinism
The idea that human development is based on the interaction of personal, behaviours and environmental factors.
28
Cognitive
- Focus on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world. - Jean Piaget
29
Jean Piaget - Theory of Cognitive Development
Individuals go through a fixed sequence of universal stages of cognitive development.
30
Scheme
Organized mental patterns or internal; cognitive structures that represent behaviours and actions.
31
Assimilation
Understanding a new experience in terms of an existing schema/ways of thinking.
32
Accommodation
Making changes to existing schema/ways of thinking to include new information.
33
Equilibration
Balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes.
34
Piaget's Stage of Development
Sensorimotor Stage Pre-operational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage
35
Information Processing Approach
- Theories that seek to identify how individuals absorb, use and store information. - Complex behaviour can be broken down into simple steps. - Uses computers as 'human model'
36
Long-Term Memory
Used to both store information but also acts as a bank of knowledge to retrieve from
37
Encoding
Organizing information to be stored in memory
38
Storage
Keeping memory
39
Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
- Examines cognitive development in terms of neurological process. - Involves brain imaging
40
Humanistic
The perspective suggests that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behaviour - free will. - Carl Rogers
41
Self-Actualization
State of fulfilment where people achieve their highest potential in their own way.
42
Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Motives
Self-actualization is the top of the pyramid.
43
Deficiency Motives
Physical or emotional balance
44
Being Motives
Desire to understand self and others.
45
Contextual
Consider the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds.
46
Lev Vygotsky
- Little Apprentice - Social Cultural Theory
47
Social Cultural Theory
Cognitive development from social interactions between individuals.
48
Reciprocal Transaction
They are influenced by their environment and they affect the environment around them
49
Zone of Proximal Development
Range that the child can accomplish with the help of an adult
50
Scaffolding
Learning new cognitive skills through temporary support of other skilled individuals.
51
Biological/Evolutionary
Simultaneous influence by different levels of individuals environment.
52
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Biological Model - Microsystem - Mesosystem - Exosystem - Macrosystem - Chronosystem
53
Microsystem
Immediate environment
54
Mesosystem
Interconnections between the microsystems (Close friends, teachers, family members)
55
Exosystem
Broad influences like local governments, school, neighbourhood
56
Macrosystem
Larger cultural influences, religion, public policy, affects values and beliefs.
57
Chronosystem
Passage of time and history; cohort effect.
58
Epigenetic Factors
Molecular markers that can change gene function. Behaviour or environmental factors that can change how a gene functions.
59
Evolutionary Theories
Seek to identify behaviours resulting from genetic inheritance from our ancestors.
60
Ethology
How our biological makeup influences survival behaviours and traits
61
Behavioural Genetics
Studies how heredity affects behaviours and causes individual differences.
62
Evolutionary Psychology
Hardwired cognitive and social thinking patterns which have been shaped by time.
63
Konrad Lornez
Discovered that goslings are genetically programmed to imprint on the first moving objects they see as their mother.
64
Scientific Method
The process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic orderly observation and the collection of data.
65
Operationalize Hypothesis
Picking what data you will be measuring (population, heart rate,etc)
66
Theory
Broad explanations and predictions about a phenomena of interest.
67
Hypothesis
A specific prediction that is testable and falsifiable.
68
Correlational Research
Seeks to identify if an association exists between two factors.
69
Correlation Coefficient
A score of correlation ranging from -1 to +1.
70
Magnitude
Shows degree of association
71
Sign
Direction of association
72
Confounding Variable
A variable previously not considered but could be causing the observed behaviours.
73
Naturalistic Observation
Observed without intervention.
74
Qualitative Research
Document and describe a setting of interest.
75
Case Studies
Extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or a small group of people.
76
Surveys
A representative group of people answer questions about their attitudes, opinions and experiences.
77
Psychophysiological Methods
Focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behaviour.
78
Electroencephalography
Measures brain activity
79
Computed Tomography Scan (CT)
Takes x-rays to give detailed structure of the brain.
80
fMRI
Measures change in brain oxygen levels.
81
Experimental Research
Research designed to discover causal relationships between two factors.
82
Sample
The groups of participants chosen for the experiment that represent the population under consideration.
83
Field Study
Investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting
84
Laboratory
Investigation carried out in a controlled and standardized setting.
85
Theoretical
Aimed at testing some development explanations and expanding scientific knowledge
86
Applied
Aimed at providing practical solutions to immediate problems.
87
Cross Sectional Studies
Measure people of different ages at the same point in time.
88
Longitudinal Studies
Measure individual change, in the same groups over multiple points in time
89
Sequential Studies
Measure different age groups over multiple time points.

PSYCH 223 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions