Psych 2103 Test 2 Flashcards
Stranger anxiety
Expression of fear to unfamiliar adults.
Social referencing
Actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.
Secure base
Is the familiar caregiver or point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support.
Basic emotions
Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust.
Trust vs Mistrust
The psychological conflict of the first year_________ is resolved on a positive side when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
This conflict is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
Self-conscious emotions
These are second, higher order set of feelings, including guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride; because each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self. (18-24 mo)
Temperament
Early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation. Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. Self-regulation, as we have seen, refers to strategies that modify that reactivity.
What are the three types of infants and children?
The easy child, difficult child, and slow-to-warm-up child.
Easy child
(40% of sample). Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences.
Difficult child
(10% of sample). Is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely.
Slow-to-warm-up child
(15% of sample). Is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences.
Goodness-of-fit model
Proposed by Thomas and Chess to describe how temperament and environment together can produce favorable outcomes. ____________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning.
Attachment
Is a strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress.
Ethological theory of attachment
Recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.
Preattachment phase
(Birh to 6 weeks). Built-in grasping, smiling, crying, and gazing into the adult’s eyes–help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans, who comfort them.
Attachment in the making phase
(6 weeks to 6-8 months). Infants respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger. As infants learn that their own actions affect the behavior of those around them, they begin to develop a sense of trust–the expectation that the caregiver will respond when signaled–but they s do not protest when separated from them.
Clear cut attachment phase
(6-8 months to 18-24 months). Babies display separation anxiety which doesn’t always occur; it depends on infant temperament and the current situation. Besides protesting they will approach, follow, and climb on the caregiver in preference to others as well as use them as a secure base from which to explore.
Formation of a reciprocal relationship
(18 months to 2 years and on). Rapid growth in representation and language permits toddlers to understand some of the factors that influence the parent’s coming and going and to predict her return. Separation protests decline. Children will negotiate with caregiver to alter her goals.
Internal working model
A set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress. The ____________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.
