BIOL 1101-Chapter 8&9 Vocab

Question 0

Binary fission

Answer 0

A means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two genetically identical individuals of about equal size.

Question 1

Anaphase

Answer 1

The fourth stage of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles.

Question 2

Cell cycle

Answer 2

An ordered sequence of events (including interphase and the mitotic phase) that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells.

Question 3

Chromatin

Answer 3

The combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is dividing.

Question 4

Chromosomes

Answer 4

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a

Question 5

Crossing Over

Answer 5

The exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsids in prophase I of meiosis; also, the exchange of segments between DNA molecules in prokaryotes.

Question 6

Cytokinesis

Answer 6

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

Question 7

Diploid cell

Answer 7

In an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing tow homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent, a 2n cell.

Question 8

Gametes

Answer 8

A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm.

Question 9

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 9

The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell.

Question 10

Interphase

Answer 10

The period in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing.

Question 11

Meiosis

Answer 11

In a sexually reproducing organism, the division of a single diploid nucleus into four haploid daughter nuclei.

Question 12

Metaphase

Answer 12

The third stage of mitosis, during which all the cell’s duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle.

Question 13

Mitosis

Answer 13

The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei.

Question 14

Sister Chromatids

Answer 14

One of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell.

Question 15

Telophase

Answer 15

The fifth and final stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell.

Question 16

Alleles

Answer 16

An alternative version of a gene.

Question 17

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Answer 17

A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of the chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.

Question 18

Codominant

Answer 18

Inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct trait of both alleles.

Question 19

Complete Dominance

Answer 19

A type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.

Question 20

Dominant Allele

Answer 20

The allele that determines the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene.

Question 21

Genetics

Answer 21

The scientific study of heredity.

Question 22

Genotype

Answer 22

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Question 23

Heterozygous

Answer 23

Having two different alleles for a given gene.

Question 24

Homozygous

Answer 24

Having two identical alleles for a given gene.

Question 25

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 25

A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote (Aa) is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes (AA and aa).

Question 26

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 26

A general rule in inheritance (originally formulated by Gregor Mendel) that when gametes form during meiosis, each pair of alleles for a particular characteristic segregate independently of other pairs; also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance.

Question 27

Law of Segregation

Answer 27

A general rule in inheritance (originally formulated by Gregor Mendel) that individuals have two alleles for each gene and that when gametes form by meiosis, the two alleles separate, each resulting gamete ending up with only one allele of each gene; also known as Mendel’s first law of inheritance.

Question 28

P Generation

Answer 28

The parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for parental.

Question 29

Phenotype

Answer 29

The expressed traits of an organism.

Question 30

Pleiotropy

Answer 30

The control of more than one phenotypic characteristic by a single gene.

Question 31

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 31

The additive effects of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic characteristic.

Question 32

Recessive Allele

Answer 32

An allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene.