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Year 2 Psychology > Psych 201- Cognitive week 1-5 > Flashcards

Psych 201- Cognitive week 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

According to Broadbent’s filter theory, which of the following features could be acted on by the filtration processes?

A
  • The sound of the voice used to speak a word
  • The colour of a shape
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2
Q

What does Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve show?

A

Initially there is a very rapid loss in memory, then more gradual slower loss
The decrease is non-linear

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3
Q

Proactive Interference Definition

A

When old memories stop new memories from being remembered/sticking

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4
Q

What does Bauml and Kliegl (2013) study about Proactive interference show, and how many study conditions are there?

A
  • 3 conditions for word learning
  • data suggests that PI is controllable and the directed forgetting technique is very useful
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5
Q

Define Retroactive Interference

A

When new memories push out old memories

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6
Q

what was Misra et al’s (2012) study and findings on retroactive interference
(hint: billinguals)

A
  • studies picture naming in bilingual Chinese-English speakers
  • suggests the formation of new memories (English) inhibits the old information (Chinese)
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7
Q

What is cued recall?

A

The idea that recall is better when cues are provided than with free recall

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8
Q

Godden and Baddeley (1975) context-dependent forgetting

A

Underwater/on land word recall experiment
- found recall was better when participants were tested in the same place the information was encoded

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9
Q

What is consolidation? and what brain regions does it affect?

A

When new memories transfer to long term memories
- they go from the hippocampus to the neo-cortical regions

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10
Q

What does Moulton et al. (2005) suggest about encoding and consolidation?
(Hint: Bevs)

A

Suggests drinking alcohol before encoding impairs memory formation
BUT if you drink alcohol after encoding then you have better memory for information encoded before alcohol

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11
Q

What does Loftus and Palmer’s study on forgetting suggest

A

Car crash study, used different verbs to describe the speed of the car
The more dramatic the verb, the more likely to rate speed as higher
This shows it is easy to create a false memory

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12
Q

Wade, Garry, Read, & Lindsay (2002) false memory study method and findings and how many ppts exceeded with it
(Hint: photo study)

A

got photos of participants when they were younger and photoshopped them into a photo of a hot air balloon
asked participants if they remembered the hot air balloon trip
- 50% of the participants generated a false memory

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13
Q

What does Laney et al. (2008) experiment on red-herrings and demand characteristics show?

A

participants who believed the red herring was the purpose showed equivalent levels of false memories to those who guessed the true purpose

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14
Q

Shanks (1991) findings on associative learning

A
  • “Mr X eats…..” study
  • participants deduce which food causes the illness
  • demonstrates conditional contingency
  • demonstrates the way “cues compete” for learning
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15
Q

What is associative learning

A

States that learning leads to the strengthening of connections between mental representations
- surprise is needed for something to be learnt

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16
Q

What does Rescorla-Wagner (1972) Model of Associative Learning suggest?

A

Suggests that “prediction error” (aka surprise) is needed for learning

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17
Q

What is the propositional account of learning?

A

Learning is based on reasoning and belief formation
Knowledge is always consciously accessible and behaviour is controllable

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18
Q

What does Lovibond (2003) show about learning
(Hint: electric shocks and colours)

A
  • paired coloured blocks with electric shocks, and measured galvanic skin response/sweat when the block colour appeared
  • claimed learning is based on reasoning and belief formation
  • beliefs are conscious and can be updated
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19
Q

What is the gamblers fallacy?

A

The idea that there is a 50/50 chance of winning, but if there is a series of black trials, participant would believe that red is more likely to come up

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20
Q

What does Squire (1987) suggest about memory systems?
(Hint: Specificity argument)

A

Argues that the damage to specific regions in the brain leads to selective impairments

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21
Q

According to Shanks (2002) what is implicit learning

A

Learning that takes place incidentally and is inaccessible to consciousness

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22
Q

What are some implicit measures?

A

Reaction time, skin response, heart rate

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23
Q

What are some explicit measure of learning

A

conscious judgment, recognition memory, verbal report

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24
Q

What is the Serial Reaction Time Task used to study?

A

used to study implicit learning behaviour

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25
What does Baeyens et al (1996) show about liking and disliking (Hint: nervous wee)
- put different scents in toilet cubicles - found participants who liked going to the toilet developed a pleasant evaluation of pine smell - the opposite occurred with those who did not like going to the toilet - implicit learning
26
What is Anthropomorphism
Seeing human characteristics in things that are not human
27
What is anthropocentricism
- thinking that humans are the centre of everything - everything is seen from the perspective of a human
28
What are Tinbergen's 4 Whys (Hint: COSE)
Causation Ontogeny Survival value Evolution
29
What is ontogeny
Describes how a behaviour developed in the animal's lifetime
30
What is Morgan's Cannon?
The idea that you always try to find the most simple explanation of behaviour in front of us
31
What does Rescorla (1973) show about classical conditioning? (Hint: light and noise)
a light followed by a loud noise to see how quickly the rats freeze - If they have learnt light=noise then it shouldn't matter if they heard the noise or not, they will still freeze
32
Wantanabe et al (1995) discrimination of paintings study
pictures of Picasso and Monet - Picasso was reinforces, Monet was not - Animals responded more to the novel Picasso paintings than the novel Monet paintings - Generalisation has occurred
33
What are schedules of reinforcement?
The idea that reinforcement doesn't always occur Sometimes partial reinforcement happens which leads to more persistent behaviour
34
What does Simons and Chablis (1999) Gorilla and basketball study show?
inattentional blindness
35
What is the Cocktail Party Problem (Cherry 1953)
When in busy situation you can zone in to 1 conversation - for effective filtering we need a clear difference in physical characteristics
36
What are the stages of filtering -> processing
stage 1= pre-attentive where simple characteristics are extracted in parallel stage 2= more complex psychological properties
37
What is the parallel stage in Broadbent's Filter Theory (1958)
Parallel stage: when the processing of physical features occurs - attention allows only 1 stream to be filtered
38
What is the serial stage in Boradbent's Filter Theory?
The attended stream is processed for semantic content - it is passed into STM and can result in a behaviour
39
What was the study by Corteen and Dunn (1974) and how did it challenge Broadbent's Theory? (Hint: electric shock to words)
Gave electric shock conditioning for certain words sweating occurred for conditioned word e.g. mug and synonyms e.g. cup - this shows that the word has gone through and elaborate process so cant be as simple as BB model
40
Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) Late selection Theory
suggests everything is semantically processed so the filter has a more later effect on behaviour suggests selection is made in terms of what is acted upon by the executive control
41
According to Broadbent's filter theory, which features could be acted on by the filtration processes?
- the sound of the voice used to speak a word - the colour of the shape
42
What is a feature search and how does it suggets features are processed?
When the target is defined by a specific feature e.g. colour it seems to 'pop out' - this suggests that features are processed in parallel
43
What are conjunction searches?
Occur when there are no unique features it takes more time to detect the target and a slow serial search process is needed
44
What is the Feature Integration Theory? (Triesman 1988)
Suggests if a target involves a conjunction of features, attention is then needed to integrate the features into whole items
45
What is Illusory Conjuction? (Hint: serial search)
The idea that if there is limited opportunity for serial search, then features will not be combined
46
What is divided attention?
to what extent can we do 2 things at one time e.g. pat head and rub stomach
47
Describe Segal & Fusella (1970) task similarity experiment (Hint: left or right)
- participants were asked to determine if the object was facing left or right - they were then asked to engage in a mental imagery task at the same time e.g. think of a volcano erupting" - the results suggest we have separate resources for auditory and visual information
48
What is Lavie's Load Theory
suggests selective attention is modulated be demands place on a finite capacity perceptual resources
49
Describe the concept of "low load" in Lavie's Load Theory (1995)
- Means that if the task requires feature identification, more resources are available - so attention spills over to distractor task meaning more interference
50
Describe the concept of "high load" in Lavie's Load Theory (1995)
- means that the task requires the processing conjunction features - attention is consumed by the signal and so the distractor has little effect.
51
Conclusions of Lavie's Load theory
- when attentional demands are low, late selection occurs (more processing) - when attentional demands are high, early selection occurs (more filtration)
52
What is a category?
a category defines a set of instances that belong together as a group
53
What are the 3 functions of a category? (Hint: CCU)
Classification Understanding and prediction Communication
54
What does the Classical view (Feature Based Theory) by Bruner et al (1956) suggest? (HINT: its about categories)
suggests that mental representations of categories consist of defining features - something is either in the category or out the category
55
What are the 3 failings of the classical view of categorisation?
1. Some instances are more typical than others (Typicality effects) 2. There is often ambiguity surrounding cases 3. There is difficulty to specify defining features
56
What does McCloskey & Glucksberg (1978) study show about categorisation (Hint: typicality)
- participants were asked to determine category membership for items with varied typicality - The results show that categories are ill-defined and there is little agreement about what is in or out
57
What does Rosch & Mervis (1975) say about typicality?
The more attributes a member has in common with other members, the more it will be considered a typical/representative member of the category
58
What does the prototype theory reflect? (Hint: what average)
The central tendency or the ideal average member of the group
59
What is the Exemplar theory?
Suggests that classification is based on assessing how similar the probe is to stored items
60
What does Ross et al (1990) study show about exemplars?
Club Z study - suggests that exemplars are stored - meaning exemplars can alter category knowledge
61
How are features encoded in the prototype theory?
- A list of features that reflect the properties is made - these features are weighted on importance
62
How are features encoded in the Exemplar theory?
- All the instances encountered are stored - Weight dimensions
63
How are features classified in the Prototype theory?
- Calculate similarity of item compared to protype of category - Contrast this fit across the category
64
How are features classified in the Exemplar theory
- Calculate summed similarity to all the exemplars in a category - Contrast the summed similarity across the category.
65
What did Rodriguez et al. (2000) find about conditioning in rats (hint: chemistry)
Injected Rats with LiCl and measured how much they ate vs when injected with a Saline solution - Demonstrated how the 'context' can be associated with nausea, even without the stimuli (LiCl injection)
66
What is the Nocebo effect?
When the outcome is worse as a result of conditioning
67
What does the Galvanic Vestibular Stimulator (GVS) do?
Generates nausea in patients - but effect can be turned on/off

Year 2 Psychology (3 decks)

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