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Year 2 Psychology > PSYC201 Weeks 6-10 > Flashcards

PSYC201 Weeks 6-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is true of smell perception?- more than one can be true
a. it is effective in detecting all dangerous substances and gases

b. adaption to smells can last up to 2 weeks after long term exposure

c. Odorants are dissolves and taken by the olfactory receptor to the odorant binding proteins.

d. A newborn can recognise smells from food their mothers ingested during pregnancy

e. Stress stimuli can alter how you smell to others.

A

b, d, and e

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2
Q

Which of the following is true of pheromones?
a. pheromones are used for special communication that can signal fertility

b. pheromones have minimal effect on members of the same biological sex

c. odourtype are determined by our immune system (human leucocyte antigen)

d. pheromones can affect the level of testosterone in men

A

a, c, and d

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3
Q

Which of the following is/are true of taste?
a. infants can only discriminate taste 3 days after birth

b. Umami can be described as brothy and can signal protein content

c. Our saliva is salty from the KCl content

d. Specificity encoding theory refers to taste being a result of how different taste cells activate specifically as a group

A

b. Umami can be described as brothy and can signal protein content

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4
Q

Which of the following is true of flavour
a. flavour is processed in different types of papilae including Filiform

b. Taste buds are only located on the tongue

c. The OFC processed the reward component of foods not their sensory quality

d. stressors can attenuate perception of sweetness and umami

A

c and d

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5
Q

Which of the following can affect taste?
a. your body mass index

b. your age

c. whether you have been exposed to pathogens

d. appearance of the food

e. texture of the food

f. all of the above

A

f. all of the above

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6
Q

Which of the following statements are true of pain?
a. physical contact can alleviate pain

b. The phantom limb is evidence pain signals are sent directly from the skin to the brain

c. pain tolerance can be increased by pain related cues and decreased by pleasant images

d. the sensory-discriminative dimension to pain refers to its intensity and unpleasantness

A

a. physical contact can alleviate pain

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7
Q

Which of the following is true of social pain?
a. it can trigger activity in the areas of the brain associated with physical sensory pain

b. it can trigger activity in the areas of the brain associated with physical affective pain

c. it can result from social inclusion

d. it can result from unsympathetic words and comments.

A

b and d

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8
Q

Which of the following is not true of motion parallax?
a. motion parallax is binocular cue

b. motion parallax works best when objects are near

c. objects that are furthest move slowest across your field of vision

d. motion parallax is only useful when viewing 3D scenes

A

a. motion parallax is a binocular cue

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9
Q

What helps to maintain visual stability during REM?

A

Corollary discharge
Saccadic suppression

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10
Q

In a Barlow Levick direction sensitive model, which of the following would increase its sensitivity to slower movements?
a. reducing the temporal sensitivity of the detectors

b. increasing the receptive field size of the detectors

c. increasing the time delay between 2 detectors

d. enhancing the response to the faster moving stimuli

A

c. increasing the time delay between 2 detectors

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11
Q

What does Ariely’s study tell us about ensemble coding?
a. it allows for faster recognition of individual objects in a scene

b. it enables the visual system to efficiently extract summary statistics, like the average size of objects without encoding each object individually.

c. It improves memory for fine details of individual items within the ensemble

d. it eliminates the need for attentional processing when viewing complex scenes

A

b. it enables the visual system to efficiently extract summary statistics, like the average size of objects without encoding each object individually.

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12
Q

What describes bottom up processing in visual perception?
a. a process where the brain constructs perception based on incoming visual information

b. interpretation of sensory data based on prior knowledge and expectations

c. a process where expectations guide perception, overriding sensory data

d. recognition of objects based on memory recall

A

a. a process where the brain constructs perception based on incoming visual information

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13
Q

Which of the following is an example of a Gestalt principle of visual perception?
a. The principle of selective attention, which prioritises certain stimuli over others

b. The principle of proximity, where objects that are close together are perceived as part of the same group

c. The principle of neural plasticity, which refers to the brain’s ability to rewire itself

d. The principle of cognitive load, which relates to how much information can be processed at once

A

b. The principle of proximity, where objects that are close together are perceived as part of the same group

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14
Q

In the context of visual processing, global processing refers to…
a. Focusing on small, detailed parts of an image

b. Perceiving the overall structure or configuration of a scene

c. Identifying individual objects in isolation

d. processing visual features like colour and texture

A

b. Perceiving the overall structure or configuration of a scene

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15
Q

What is Sensation?

A

The conversion of external stimuli into electrochemical signals in our brain

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16
Q

What is Perception?

A

How electrochemical signals are interpreted and represented

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17
Q

What are the 3 elements in a visual image

A
  • colour
  • spatial
  • temporal
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18
Q

What are the dimensions of colour?

A

Hue (what colour is it)
Saturation (how intense the hue is)
Brightness (amount of light reaching eye)

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19
Q

What is Palmer (1777) view on trichromatic colour vision?

A

There are 3 different types of light sensor, each process a different wavelength

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20
Q

What is Ewald Hering (1892) Colour vision channels theory?

A

Proposed the opponent process theory
- explains that colour perception requires 3 different channels (cones) to produce colour vision

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21
Q

According to the opponent process theory, what are the 3 channels an image gets split into?

A
  • Luminance channels
  • Red/green channels
  • Red/yellow channels
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22
Q

What did Isaac Newton (1672) conclude about colours and light (2 things)

A
  • white light is a combination of all colours
  • colours can be combined to generate new ones -> additive mixing
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23
Q

What is additive colour mixing?

A

The idea that light energy increases when 2 sources are combined

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24
Q

What is subtractive colour mixing?

A

The idea that light energy is reduced when 2 sources are combined
- when paint is mixed, energy is removed so less energy reaches your eye

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25
What is the stained glass illusion?
- colours look more neon when there is no boarder - shows that colour perception is affected by its surroundings
26
Describe Wallach (1948) Colour constancies study
- found colours are perceived in relation to their surroundings - experiment was 2 circles inside each other, had tot select when inner circle was the same shade as initial outer circle
27
How does Foster (2011) define the difference between ratios in the colour constancy theory?
Suggests that the difference in excitation between cone types enables us to perceive colours differently and in different stabilities depending on the lighting
28
What does Osorio et al (1996) say about colour vision?
A dichromat is almost as good as a trichromat when detecting fruit against the background of leaves
29
Purpose of colour (Bramao et al. 2011)
showed that colour is important for object recognition - can trigger information in our long term visual memory
30
Emotions and colour research (Dael et al. 2016)
We associate certain colours with certain emotions - these are widely universal
31
What is the colour black associated with?
all negative emotions - fear - sadness - regret - hate - anger
32
Study on saturation (Valdez et al. 1994)
People found bright and saturated colours more pleasurable and saturations was directly correlated to physiological arousal
33
Colour and Consumer behaviour (Babin et al. 2003)
- investigated effects of cool vs warm interiors on shopping behaviour - in cool store, bright lights resulted in a higher price fairness perception in warm colour store, soft lighting resulted in higher price fairness perception
34
Colour and Appetite (Wang. 2020)
Reported that warm incandescent light increases appetite compared to cooler colours
35
What is spatial vision?
Spatial vision is the ability to perceive and interpret spatial relations in our environment, including location, size and orientation of objects
36
What is contrast sensitivity?
The ability to detect differences in luminance between areas of lightness and darkness
37
What is the Troxler effect?
When there is not a rough edge things disappear into the visual system
38
How do you measure contrast sensitivity?
present patches with different contrast levels and see how much you can reduce the contrast before the lines disappear
39
what does low threshold correlate to?
low threshold= high visual sensitivity and you can see things at a low contrast high threshold= low sensitivity
40
Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) - Campbell and Robson, 1968
Suggests sensitivity is high for low spatial frequencies, then gets lower
41
What is fourrier analysis
Different components that all need to be added to create an image
42
Oblique effect (Campbell et al, 1966)
Showed we are directly sensitive to different orientations - we are more sensitive to horizontal and vertical as they are more common in the natural world
43
What 3 features are found in central vision
High acuity Colour perception Focused attention
44
What 2 things are Parafoveal vision for?
- Supporting reading and scanning - Used for peripheral preview
45
What is the Peripheral vision used for?
- Detecting motion - Spatial awareness - Low light sensitivity
46
What is convergence? (for retinal/visual processing)
when several rod cells activate 1 ganglion cell
47
What are rods and cones used for
Rods have good sensitivity but poor acuity cones have good acuity but poor sensitivity
48
What is peripheral vision useful for?
Useful for detecting sudden changes and movements Also essential for maintaining balance
49
To et al (2011) findings on threshold
Threshold is inversely proportionate to sensitivity - found we are less sensitive to stationary stimuli compared to moving stimuli
50
How does the Barlow Levick Model (1956) explain how we detect movement?
- when something appears in front of a receptor it triggers a signal down the pathway - the delay holds the signal for a certain amount of time - travels to the specific direction detector
51
Masson and Stone (2002) findings on eye movements
when we see an object, our eyes initially track its features, then the whole object trajectory
52
How long do fixations last in saccades?
between 200 and 300ms
53
What are saccades?
Rapid eye movements that bring our central vision to new regions
54
What is saccadic suppression
when the brain blocks the blur when we move our eyes, instead it is a 'smooth' image
55
What is Corollary Discharge Theory?
The idea that when your eyes move the signal sent to the motor cortex to move your eyes is accompanied by another signal that tells the brain that any movement across your retina is caused by eye movements not the object
56
What is optic flow
Optic flow is created when you move and are the flow lines that help determine the direction and speed of the movement
57
What is vection?
The idea that you can still feel movement when you are stationary - e.g. when see a train moving you feel yourself move
58
Brandt et al (1973) findings of vection
Vection is strongest when the optic flow patterns are presented across the visual field and in the periphery
59
What is ephemeral posture?
when you see someone in a position that is not very stable you assume that they are in motion
60
What is motion parallax?
The idea that when you move, objects at different distances shift their positions across your retina at different rates - close objects move quickly - distant objects move slowly
61
What cues do we use for depth perception?
Monocular and binocular cues
62
What are monocular cues? (6)
- atmospheric perspective - occlusion - relative size - elevation - texture gradient - shading
63
What are the binocular cues?
- vergence - disparity - horopter
64
What are the stages of visual information processing?
- retinal information processing - feature discrimination (optic cortex) - higher order feature analysis (cerebral cortex) - object knowledge (cerebral cortex) - action (eye movement)
65
What is low level processing in visual cognition?
The basic analysis of shapes, forms, colours, contours, contrasts and movement
66
What is mid-level processing in visual cognition?
Primitive information is organised into fundamental forms
67
What is higher level processing in visual cognition?
when the fundamental forms are given meaning through association with our previous knowledge
68
Which stages of visual cognition are bottom-up and which are top down?
Bottom up= low and mid level top down= higher level
69
What does top-down processing of visual cognition mean?
means processing is thought and knowledge orientated
70
What is reification?
When objects are perceived to contain more spatial information than they actually do
71
What is metastability?
When an object can be perceived in more than one way, but both interpretations cannot be seem at the same time e.g. 2 faces making up a vase
72
What is Prägnanz?
The tendency to interpret ambiguous and complex stimuli as the simplest forms possible
73
What are the gestalt laws of organisation? (6)
- closure - proximity - similarity - continuity - symmetry - common fate
74
Navon (1977) global vs local processing
- participants were presented with a letter made up of little letters - these were either congruent (e.g. a H making up and H) or incongruent - found the identity of the smaller characters has no effect on recognition of the larger image
75
Cerf et al. (2008) facial perception study
Found that when presented a picture with a face, the gaze was immediately directed to it even when being asked to look for other objects
76
Birmingham et al (2009) facial perception study
Found that viewers fixated on the eye region of the faces within the first 200ms of viewing
77
Bateson et al (2006) Eye gaze study
Found that when photos of eyes vs flowers were presented, colleagues were more likely to pay their share for coffee - eyes > full face
78
What is the Face Superiority Effect?
Faces are processed holistically (as a whole) rather than individual components
79
Why are we good at recognising caricatures
They accentuate the differences between faces and emphasises the differences
80
What is the Other-Race Effect
We are better at recognising faces from our own ethnicity than others
81
Meltzoff and Moore (1977) facial expression recognition
infants can mimic faces presented to them Mimicry of expressions helps to process emotions
82
What is the James Lang Theory of emotions
When you feel an emotion its your brain interpreting the reaction you've made to determine the emotion e.g. you're scared because you're running, not because of the bear
83
What is the effect of botox on emotions?
Botox is associated with an increase in depression score and is associated with reduced emotion recognition ability
84
What are we attracted to in faces?
averageness and symmetry
85
The Halo Effect with attractiveness
more likely to be considered extraverted and friendlier
86
What is frequency?
The number of cycles of a sound wave per second - the pitch
87
What is amplitude?
The amount of change in pressure created by sound - related to loudness
88
What is a pure tone?
A sine wave with a single frequency
89
What is the Interaural Time Difference?
The ability to work out the location of the sounds from the time difference it takes to reach each ear
90
What is the Minimum Audible Angle?
The smallest difference of position of a sound source which the listener can detect
91
How does top down processing help our speech perception?
our knowledge about grammar and words enable us to work out when words begin and end
92
What are some features that affect the properties of speech?
- speaker style and prosody - speaker identity - acoustics of the environment
93
What is the phonemic restoration illusion?
An auditory illusion where listeners perceive a phoneme in a word even though the signal is absent or masked by another sound.
94
How do we smell things?
- odourants are dissolved into the mucus lining of the olfactory epithelium - they are carried by odourant binding proteins (OBPs) that take them to the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)
95
What are the 6 functions of smell?
- ingestion - avoiding environmental hazards - social communication - regulation of appetite - navigation through space - facilitates attention
96
What is your odourtype dictated by?
your immune system - this is determined by the Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA)
97
Mate selection correlation with odourtypes
- Women prefer male odourtypes to their own - the odour of HLA dissimilar men reminded female subjects of their previous partners - smell correlates with fertility
98
What are the 5 basic taste qualities
- sweet - salty - bitter - sour - umami
99
What do the fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae do?
They are involved in taste perception and contain the taste buds
100
What are the 2 theories for taste encoding?
- specificity encoding= there are fibre tracts that are responsible for taste at a specific region - Distributed encoding= taste is a result of a pattern of activation of the different taste cells
101
when KCl is low.... when KCl is high.... but when NaCl is low....
when KCl is low we taste sweetness When KCl is high we taste saltiness When NaCl is low we taste bitterness
102
What is the orbital frontal cortex responsible for?
an area of the brain that mediates the reward component of taste
103
What factors affect taste (5)
- BMI - Smoking and alcohol consumption - Age - Gender - Exposure to pathogens
104
What affect does stress have on our taste
After being exposed to stress we rate bitter foods as more intense, and umami and sweet solutions as less intense
105
What do Merkel disc receptors do?
respond to sustained pressure or low frequency vibrations and spatial deformation
106
What do pacinian corpuscles do?
respond to very high frequencies of stimulation
107
What do the Ruffini Corpuscles do?
Very low temporal sensitivity, but respond to sustained pressure and lateral skin stretch
108
What do Meissners do?
Sensitive to high frequencies of skin deformation and spatial deformation
109
What is acuity in object perception?
The smallest distance required to detect 2 objects
110
What is the Cutaneous rabbit illusion?
- participants are tapped in 3 locations on their arm - participants report that they don't feel the pulse at the same location, instead they have the sensation that something is moving up their arm
111
What are the 3 different types of pain?
- Nociceptive pain (activation of nociceptive receptors) - inflammatory pain (damage to tissues or joints) - neuropathic pain (damage to the nervous system)
112
What does research in brain plasticity and specificity show?
- suggests each part of the brain is malleable and can change role if needed
113
What is the McGurk Effect?
- what you hear depends on what you see
114
What is cross-modal cuing?
The idea that 2 pathways of information channels is better than one - cross modal cuing does involve some modulation of low level sensory processing
115
What is the Colavita Effect?
- most participants perceived the visual on the light-sound trials first - shows that visual dominance over auditory stimuli - visual > auditory > spatial > temporal
116
What does research suggest about neurons in the subcortical nuclei?
They have superadditive response where stimulation from multiple senses is greater than the sum of response from the different senses in isolation
117
What is the Bouba-Kiki Effect?
- shown 2 shapes, asked which is bouba, which is kiki - there is a universal association between shapes and sounds, even though both things are independent and not taught
118
What is Synaesthesia?
A phenomena in which the simulation of one sense causes sensory experience in another e.g. where words have a colour
119
What length of cones do red, green and blue colours require?
- Red= long length cones - Green= medium length cones - Blue= short length cones
120
What length cones are associated with colour deficiency; protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia
- protanopia= long length cones - deuteranopia= medium length cones - tritanopia= short length cones
121
What is achromatopsia?
Colour blindness
122
What is prosopagnosia?
The difficulty recognising faces
123
What is Capgras syndrome?
The belief that someone (e.g. a spouse or child) has been replaced by an imposter - can recognise the face but has no familiarity
124
What is akineatopsia?
The inability to process and perceive motion
125
What is Agnosias?
The inability to recognise objects even though vision is normal
126
What did Eysenck suggest the universal colour preference was?
blue > red > green > violet > orange > yellow
127
Differences between culture and processing types and when does it plateau?
- Collectivist cultures have more local processing - Individualistic cultures have more global processing - this pattern remains until mid 20s
128
Critical period in speech perception findings?
Research reported that infants show a decline in universal sensitivity for phonetics during the second half of their first year
129
What does research suggest that social phobias are related to?
Social phobias are associated with hypervigilance to threat and negative emotions - ppts with social phobias engage in hyperscanning and eye avoidance
130
What is optimism associated with?
An attentional bias for positive stimuli - participants who scored high pn optimism tended to gaze longer at joy faces compared to participants that scored low on optimism

Year 2 Psychology (3 decks)

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