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psychology 201: mind and body > psych 201: chapter 5 > Flashcards

psych 201: chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

initial coding of information from the senses

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2
Q

perception

A

gathering of information from the environment and its transformation into a virtual world in the mind

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3
Q

sensory stimuli

A

information about the environment that is converted into a neural signal the brain can understand

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4
Q

mental representation

A
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5
Q

sensory transduction

A

the process by which sensory stimuli are converted to neural signals the brain can interpret, performed by sensory receptors

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6
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized neurons that convert touch sensory info to energy for nervous system

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7
Q

sensory coding

A

translation of physical properties of stimulus into action potentials

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8
Q

doctrine of specific nerve energies (with respect to sensory coding)

A

specific neurons are assigned to each sense (touch neurons with touch stimuli and vision neurons for visual stimuli)

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9
Q

rate law (with respect to sensory coding)

A

the intensity of a sound will be represented by the number of action potentials an auditory neuron will fire in a given period of time

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10
Q

absolute threshold

A

smallest amount of energy needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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11
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

everything below the absolute threshold

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12
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest detectable difference between two stimuli, Just Noticeable Difference

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13
Q

JND

A

the difference between two perceivably different stimuli

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14
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the JND is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus

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15
Q

signal detection theory

A

a theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a stimulus requires a judgement- it is not an all or nothing process

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16
Q

hits

A

the correct identification of a stimulus when it is present

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17
Q

miss

A

not identifying the presence of a stimulus when it is there

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18
Q

false alarm

A

identification of a stimulus when it is not present

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19
Q

correct rejection

A

identifying the absence of a stimulus when it is absent

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20
Q

response bias

A

participants tendency to report or not report detecting the signal in an ambiguous trial

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21
Q

kinesthesis

A

body awareness, muscles stretching and angles of joints

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22
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing

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23
Q

sound wave

A

the pattern of the changes in air pressure during a period of time

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24
Q

frequency vs amplitude

A

frequency-how many sound waves pass through a point in 1 second (determines a sounds PITCH)
amplitude- how tall the waves are, determines LOUDNESS

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25
eardrum and ossicles
eardrum-a thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear, sound waves cause it to vibrate ossicles- middle ear region, transfer waves to the cochlea in the inner ear
26
cochlea
fluid filled tube, fluid vibrations cause pressure and creates waves in basilar membrane
27
basilar membrane
stimulates hair cells to bend and send info to auditory nerve, the primary auditory receptors
28
hair cell
movement of hair cells send info to auditory nerve, movement in different places indicates differences in sounds
29
auditory nerve
sounds are converted to neural signals and travel to brain through auditory nerve
30
cochlear implants
small electronic microphone that stimulates the auditory nerve, does not act like a speaker/amplify sound
31
primary auditory cortex
located in temporal lobe,
32
temporal coding
a mechanism for encoding low-frequency auditory stimuli in which the firing rates of cochlear hair cells match the frequency of the sound wave -used to encode LOW frequencies
33
place coding
a mechanism for encoding the frequency of auditory stimuli in which the frequency of the sound wave is encoded by the location of the hair cells along the basilar membrane -different frequencies activate receptors at different locations
34
vestibular sense
uses information from receptors in the semicircular canals of the inner ear to help us maintain balance
35
somatosensation (haptic sense)
sense of touch
36
tactile stimulation
activation of a sensory receptor by a touch stimulus
37
pain (fast and slow fibers)
two kinds of nerve fibers for pain: slow- for chronic, dull, steady pain (keeps us from using the affected body parts, aids recuperation) fast- sharp, immediate pain (recoil from harmful objects)
38
gate control theory of pain
we experience pain when pain receptors are activated and a neural "gate" in the spinal cord allows the signals through to the brain
39
olfaction
sense of smell
40
olfactory epithelium
thin layer of tissue thats embedded with thousands of smell receptors, each responsive to different odorants
41
olfactory bulb
smell receptors transmit information directly here, the brain center for smell (early relay station)
42
gustation
sense of taste
43
taste buds
taste receptors located on the tongue
44
supertasters
people with specially intense tastebuds
45
cornea
thick, transparent outer layer of eye, focuses incoming light
46
pupil
dark circle at center of eye, contracts/dilates to control amount of light let in
47
iris
circular muscle, determines the eye color and controls the pupils size
48
lens accommodation
lens flattens to focus on distant objects and thickens to focus on closer objects
49
retina
the thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball, contains the sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals
50
rods
respond at low levels of light, night vision, poor at color and fine detail
51
cones
primarily responsible for color and fine detail vision
52
photopigment (rhodopsin)
53
isomerization
54
ganglion cells
first neurons in the visual pathway with axons, first to generate action potentials
55
fovea
area densely populated with cones
56
optic nerve
axon bundle at the back of the retina, leads to brain
57
blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve exits the retina, has no rods or cones
58
hue
distinctive characteristics that distinguish one color from another
59
brightness
color's perceived intensity
60
saturation
purity of the color (blue, green, and red have one wavelength, baby blue/emerald green have more than one)
61
trichromatic theory
color vision results from activity in three types of cones that are sensitive to different wavelengths (short, medium, long)
62
S, M, L cones
"S" responds to small wavelengths of light, and so on
63
opponent process theory
red and green are opposite colors, blue and yellow are opposite, the reason when a green afterimage is produced after staring at a red object for long periods of time
64
color blindness
people are missing the photopigment sensitive to either medium or long wavelengths
65
opponent colors
red and green, blue and yellow
66
optic chiasm
place where half of the axons in the optic nerves cross, the reason info from left visual space is projected into the right hemisphere (vice versa)
67
primary visual cortex, occipital lobe
visual information travels here after reaching the thalamus
68
what (ventral) vs where (dorsal) streams
ventral- specialized for the perception and recognition of objects, determining shapes and colors dorsal- specialized for spatial recognition, where is an object relative to others
69
gestalt principles
proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, common fate
70
object constancy
the understanding that whether or not an object can be sensed has no effect on whether or not it continues to exist
71
bottom up processing
based on physical features of the stimulus
72
top down processing
perception based on knowledge, expectations or past experiences
73
face perception
fusiform gyrus is devoted to processing faces
74
prosopagnosia
neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize the faces of familiar people
75
fusiform gyrus
area of the brain that is dedicated to recognizing faces (occipital and temporal lobes)
76
monocular depth cues
cues that can be used with one eye to determine depth
77
occlusion
if one object partially hides another from view, the object that is hidden is understood to be farther away
78
relative height
objects that are closer to the horizon in the visual field appear further away
79
cast shadows
if a source of light is known, the location of the shadow can provide further info on an objects depth
80
relative size
objects that are close to the horizon in a visual field appear further away
81
atmospheric perspective
distant objects look less sharp than nearby objects due to the greater amount of dust, water vapor and pollution we have to look through to see the more distant object
82
linear perspective
83
texture gradient
84
oculomotor depth cues
based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles (convergence and accommodation)
85
convergence
eyes must look inward to see nearby objects
86
accommodation
lens changes shape to focus on an image
87
movement produced depth cues
created by the movement of the observer or movement of the objects in the environment
88
motion parallax
looking out the car window: close objects move faster and farther objects move slower
89
binocular disparity
the fact that our left and right eyes receive slightly different images because they are observing the scene from slightly different positions

psychology 201: mind and body (4 decks)

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