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psychology 201: mind and body > psych 201: chapter 5 > Flashcards

psych 201: chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

initial coding of information from the senses

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2
Q

perception

A

gathering of information from the environment and its transformation into a virtual world in the mind

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3
Q

sensory stimuli

A

information about the environment that is converted into a neural signal the brain can understand

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4
Q

mental representation

A
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5
Q

sensory transduction

A

the process by which sensory stimuli are converted to neural signals the brain can interpret, performed by sensory receptors

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6
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized neurons that convert touch sensory info to energy for nervous system

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7
Q

sensory coding

A

translation of physical properties of stimulus into action potentials

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8
Q

doctrine of specific nerve energies (with respect to sensory coding)

A

specific neurons are assigned to each sense (touch neurons with touch stimuli and vision neurons for visual stimuli)

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9
Q

rate law (with respect to sensory coding)

A

the intensity of a sound will be represented by the number of action potentials an auditory neuron will fire in a given period of time

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10
Q

absolute threshold

A

smallest amount of energy needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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11
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

everything below the absolute threshold

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12
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest detectable difference between two stimuli, Just Noticeable Difference

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13
Q

JND

A

the difference between two perceivably different stimuli

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14
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the JND is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus

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15
Q

signal detection theory

A

a theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a stimulus requires a judgement- it is not an all or nothing process

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16
Q

hits

A

the correct identification of a stimulus when it is present

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17
Q

miss

A

not identifying the presence of a stimulus when it is there

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18
Q

false alarm

A

identification of a stimulus when it is not present

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19
Q

correct rejection

A

identifying the absence of a stimulus when it is absent

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20
Q

response bias

A

participants tendency to report or not report detecting the signal in an ambiguous trial

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21
Q

kinesthesis

A

body awareness, muscles stretching and angles of joints

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22
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing

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23
Q

sound wave

A

the pattern of the changes in air pressure during a period of time

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24
Q

frequency vs amplitude

A

frequency-how many sound waves pass through a point in 1 second (determines a sounds PITCH)
amplitude- how tall the waves are, determines LOUDNESS

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25
Q

eardrum and ossicles

A

eardrum-a thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear, sound waves cause it to vibrate
ossicles- middle ear region, transfer waves to the cochlea in the inner ear

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26
Q

cochlea

A

fluid filled tube, fluid vibrations cause pressure and creates waves in basilar membrane

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27
Q

basilar membrane

A

stimulates hair cells to bend and send info to auditory nerve, the primary auditory receptors

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28
Q

hair cell

A

movement of hair cells send info to auditory nerve, movement in different places indicates differences in sounds

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29
Q

auditory nerve

A

sounds are converted to neural signals and travel to brain through auditory nerve

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30
Q

cochlear implants

A

small electronic microphone that stimulates the auditory nerve, does not act like a speaker/amplify sound

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31
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

located in temporal lobe,

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32
Q

temporal coding

A

a mechanism for encoding low-frequency auditory stimuli in which the firing rates of cochlear hair cells match the frequency of the sound wave
-used to encode LOW frequencies

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33
Q

place coding

A

a mechanism for encoding the frequency of auditory stimuli in which the frequency of the sound wave is encoded by the location of the hair cells along the basilar membrane
-different frequencies activate receptors at different locations

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34
Q

vestibular sense

A

uses information from receptors in the semicircular canals of the inner ear to help us maintain balance

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35
Q

somatosensation (haptic sense)

A

sense of touch

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36
Q

tactile stimulation

A

activation of a sensory receptor by a touch stimulus

37
Q

pain (fast and slow fibers)

A

two kinds of nerve fibers for pain:
slow- for chronic, dull, steady pain (keeps us from using the affected body parts, aids recuperation)
fast- sharp, immediate pain (recoil from harmful objects)

38
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

we experience pain when pain receptors are activated and a neural “gate” in the spinal cord allows the signals through to the brain

39
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

40
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

thin layer of tissue thats embedded with thousands of smell receptors, each responsive to different odorants

41
Q

olfactory bulb

A

smell receptors transmit information directly here, the brain center for smell (early relay station)

42
Q

gustation

A

sense of taste

43
Q

taste buds

A

taste receptors located on the tongue

44
Q

supertasters

A

people with specially intense tastebuds

45
Q

cornea

A

thick, transparent outer layer of eye, focuses incoming light

46
Q

pupil

A

dark circle at center of eye, contracts/dilates to control amount of light let in

47
Q

iris

A

circular muscle, determines the eye color and controls the pupils size

48
Q

lens accommodation

A

lens flattens to focus on distant objects and thickens to focus on closer objects

49
Q

retina

A

the thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball, contains the sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals

50
Q

rods

A

respond at low levels of light, night vision, poor at color and fine detail

51
Q

cones

A

primarily responsible for color and fine detail vision

52
Q

photopigment (rhodopsin)

A
53
Q

isomerization

A
54
Q

ganglion cells

A

first neurons in the visual pathway with axons, first to generate action potentials

55
Q

fovea

A

area densely populated with cones

56
Q

optic nerve

A

axon bundle at the back of the retina, leads to brain

57
Q

blind spot

A

the point at which the optic nerve exits the retina, has no rods or cones

58
Q

hue

A

distinctive characteristics that distinguish one color from another

59
Q

brightness

A

color’s perceived intensity

60
Q

saturation

A

purity of the color (blue, green, and red have one wavelength, baby blue/emerald green have more than one)

61
Q

trichromatic theory

A

color vision results from activity in three types of cones that are sensitive to different wavelengths (short, medium, long)

62
Q

S, M, L cones

A

“S” responds to small wavelengths of light, and so on

63
Q

opponent process theory

A

red and green are opposite colors, blue and yellow are opposite, the reason when a green afterimage is produced after staring at a red object for long periods of time

64
Q

color blindness

A

people are missing the photopigment sensitive to either medium or long wavelengths

65
Q

opponent colors

A

red and green, blue and yellow

66
Q

optic chiasm

A

place where half of the axons in the optic nerves cross, the reason info from left visual space is projected into the right hemisphere (vice versa)

67
Q

primary visual cortex, occipital lobe

A

visual information travels here after reaching the thalamus

68
Q

what (ventral) vs where (dorsal) streams

A

ventral- specialized for the perception and recognition of objects, determining shapes and colors
dorsal- specialized for spatial recognition, where is an object relative to others

69
Q

gestalt principles

A

proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, common fate

70
Q

object constancy

A

the understanding that whether or not an object can be sensed has no effect on whether or not it continues to exist

71
Q

bottom up processing

A

based on physical features of the stimulus

72
Q

top down processing

A

perception based on knowledge, expectations or past experiences

73
Q

face perception

A

fusiform gyrus is devoted to processing faces

74
Q

prosopagnosia

A

neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize the faces of familiar people

75
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

area of the brain that is dedicated to recognizing faces (occipital and temporal lobes)

76
Q

monocular depth cues

A

cues that can be used with one eye to determine depth

77
Q

occlusion

A

if one object partially hides another from view, the object that is hidden is understood to be farther away

78
Q

relative height

A

objects that are closer to the horizon in the visual field appear further away

79
Q

cast shadows

A

if a source of light is known, the location of the shadow can provide further info on an objects depth

80
Q

relative size

A

objects that are close to the horizon in a visual field appear further away

81
Q

atmospheric perspective

A

distant objects look less sharp than nearby objects due to the greater amount of dust, water vapor and pollution we have to look through to see the more distant object

82
Q

linear perspective

A
83
Q

texture gradient

A
84
Q

oculomotor depth cues

A

based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles (convergence and accommodation)

85
Q

convergence

A

eyes must look inward to see nearby objects

86
Q

accommodation

A

lens changes shape to focus on an image

87
Q

movement produced depth cues

A

created by the movement of the observer or movement of the objects in the environment

88
Q

motion parallax

A

looking out the car window: close objects move faster and farther objects move slower

89
Q

binocular disparity

A

the fact that our left and right eyes receive slightly different images because they are observing the scene from slightly different positions

psychology 201: mind and body (4 decks)

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