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psychology 201: mind and body > midterm 1: chapter 3 > Flashcards

midterm 1: chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

phantom limb

A

sensation experienced by someone who has had a limb amputated, feelings that the limb still exists
-caused by changes occurring in the cortex, brain continues to receive signals from nerve endings

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2
Q

plasticity

A

ability to recover after a brain injury
-adaptive structural and functional changes to the brain
-decreases with age

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3
Q

endocrine system

A

uses hormones to control metabolism, energy level, growth, and reproduction

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4
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

conserves energy for “rest and digest”

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-controls involuntary muscles (intestines, lungs)
-subcategories: sympathetic & parasympathetic

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6
Q

somatic nervous system

A

-controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory info
-spinal and cranial nerves

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7
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

PNS

A

consists of somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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9
Q

amygdala

A

regulates emotion

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates body functions

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11
Q

thalamus

A

sensory gateway, processes the five senses

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12
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

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13
Q

basal ganglia

A

movement, reward

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14
Q

insula

A

emotion processing, arousal,

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15
Q

callosotomy

A

surgery that cuts the corpus callosum, usually to treat seizures, affects the connection between language and motor function

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16
Q

split brain

A

condition that occurs when the corpus callosum is cut and the two hemispheres of the brain do not receive information directly from each other

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17
Q

corpus callosum

A

massive bridge of millions of myelinated axons that connect the brain hemispheres and allows information to flow between them

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18
Q

Phineas Gage

A

sustained injury from rod going through his head/frontal lobes
-led to major personality changes, irritability, seizures

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19
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

the frontmost portion of the frontal lobes, especially prominent in humans, important for attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate behavior, and personality

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20
Q

homunculus

A

distorted representation of the body, more cortical area is devoted to the body’s more sensitive areas such as the face and fingers

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21
Q

hemineglect

A

-injury to right cerebral hemisphere
-unawareness or unresponsiveness to objects people or stimuli on the left side of the body

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22
Q

auditory cortex

A

brain region responsible for hearing, located in the temporal lobes

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23
Q

vision cortex

A

located in the occipital lobes (back of the head), area devoted almost exclusively to vision

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24
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

a strip in the front part of the lobe that runs along the central fissure from the top of the brain down the sides
- groups nearby touch sensations

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25
primary motor cortex
located in the frontal lobes, includes neurons that project directly to the spinal cord to move the body's muscles
26
gyrus
bump (convexity) in the cortex
27
sulcus
groove (concavity) in the cortex
28
four lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
29
white matter
mostly axons and myelin sheaths that travel between brain regions
30
cortex (grey matter)
outer layer of the cerebral cortex, dominated by neurons' cell bodies that communicate only with nearby neurons
31
brainstem
lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord, regulates most of body's automatic functions that are essential for life
32
cerebellum
controls balance and other motor functions, fine movement coordination
33
forebrain
receiving and processing sensory information, thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language
34
transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS
magnetic pulse adds "noise to disrupt the neural processes of the cortex
35
function MRI (fMRI)
indicates which parts of brain are active
36
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic field disrupts magnetic forces in body, energy is released from tissues and picked up by MRI detectors, creates images of anatomy -used to determine location of brain damage or tumors
37
positron emission tomography (PET)
inject radioactive substance into bloodstream, enables identification of most active brain areas -con: injecting radioactive substance-safety
38
event related potentials (ERP's)
records electrical activity of brain during stimuli, provides info about the speed at which the brain processes events - cant pinpoint where processes take place
39
electroencephalogram (EEG)
recording the electrical activity of neurons, different behavioral states produce predictable EEG patterns -hard to isolate responses to stimuli
40
Paul Broca- Broca's area
small portion of left frontal region, crucial for production of language
41
phrenology
belief that by feeling the skull, one could describe the personality of the individual developed by Franz Gall
42
naloxone
direct antagonist for endorphins
43
heroin
opiate drug that acts as endorphin agonists
44
endorphins
pain reduction, reward
45
SSRI's
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increases reuptake and increasing its availability in the synapse
46
Serotonin
emotional states and impulsiveness, dreaming
47
Cocaine
blocks dopamine reuptake
48
L-DOPA
an agonist that acts by introducing a substance that increases production of the neurotransmitter, dopamine -treats Parkinson's disease
49
parkinson's disease
degenerative and fatal disorder marked by muscular rigidity, tremors, and difficulty initiating voluntary action
50
Dopamine
reward and motivation, motor control over voluntary movement
51
botox
affects acetylcholine synaptic release, inhibits exocytosis, causes food poisoning from toxin bacteria
52
black widow spider venom
affects acetylcholine synaptic release, stimulates exocytosis, causing choking
53
acetylcholine
motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming
54
GABA
inhibition of action potentials, anxiety reduction
55
glutamate
enhancement of action potentials, learning and memory
56
agonist effects
drugs and toxins that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters
57
antagonist effects
drug that inhibits the actions of the neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
58
rate law
-variations in the magnitude of a signal are represented by the firing rate of the neuron -strong stimulus creates many action potentials, weak stimulus creates few action potentials
59
neuron
nerve cells, basic units of nervous system
60
dendrites
branchlike appendages that detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons
60
cell body
where info received by the dendrites are collected and integrated
61
axon
electrical impulses are transmitted along path between the cell body and the synapse
62
synaptic terminals
end of presynaptic axon where vesicles store the neurotransmitter before releasing it
63
synapse
site where communication occurs between neurons
64
synaptic cleft
small space between pre and postsynaptic neurons since the two don't touch each other
65
presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
presynaptic neuron sends the neurotransmitter to the postsynaptic one
66
ions that pass through cell membrane
sodium, chloride, potassium
67
resting membrane potential
-70 mV
68
diffusion forces
-ions move from areas of high to low concentration -helps cell to maintain resting potential
69
electrostatic forces
-ions of opposite charges attract, same charges repel -helps cell to maintain resting potential
70
sodium-potassium pump
-protein channel that lets in 2 K+ and 3 Na+ out -drives the cell to become negatively charged
71
action potentials
electrical signal that passes along the axon, this signal causes the axon terminal to release neurotransmitters to other neurons
72
vesicles
stores neurotransmitter molecules
73
neurotransmitter
molecule that carries the neuronal signal across the synaptic cleft, must be a chemical signal to travel to another neuron
74
exocytosis
neurotransmitter is ejected from cell to synaptic cleft
75
receptor
-neurotransmitter dependent ion channel, remains closed until transmitter contacts it and it opens -different ion receptors produce different postsynaptic results
76
depolarization
inflow of Na+, cell becomes more positively charged
77
EPSP
-excitatory postsynaptic potential -associated with depolarization -increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire
78
hyperpolarization
-increase polarization by increasing the negative charge -associated with IPSP -decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire
79
IPSP
inhibitory postsynaptic potential, cell becomes more negatively charged
80
absolute and relative refractory periods
absolute- once an ion channel opens and closes, it cannot open again for a short period of time relative- brief period of time following an action potential when a neurons membrane is more negative, meaning it takes more energy to create another action potential
81
reuptake
-neurotransmitter is pulled back into presynaptic neuron for reuse -recycles the neurotransmitter
82
deactivating enzymes
destroy neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft through specific enzymes
83
autoreception
neurotransmitters can also bind with receptors on the presynaptic neuron
84
voltage-dependent ion channels
some channels only open when the threshold of excitation is hit, when voltage is below threshold, they remain closed
85
myelin
-a myelin sheath encases and insulates many axons like the plastic tubing around wires -bc of myelin, the action potential does not have to travel along the entire axon -helps to increase speed of action potential
86
glial cells
glial cells make up the myelin sheath
87
nodes of ranvier
small gaps of exposed axon where action potentials take place
88
multiple sclerosis
-deterioration of the myelin sheath -leads to aberrant timing of action potentials, leading to sensory, motor and cognitive defects -causes leak of action potential, axon is barely polarized enough to reach threshold of excitation
89
all or none principle
-the principle that when a neuron fires, it fires with the same potency each time -cant have a weak or strong firing strength
90
doctrine of specific nerve energies
-the particular information represented by an action potential depends on which cell is firing -a visual neuron carries a visual stimulus
91
sympathetic nervous system
prepares body for "fight or flight"
92
left side of the brain controls
language
93
right side of the brain controls
motor function
94
interpreter
the left hemispheres ability to construct a world that makes sense, it will fabricate a story to make up for missing info that would usually come from the right hemisphere
95
ions that enter the cell membrane
Na+ and Cl-
96
ions that leave the cell membrane
K+ and
97
inflow of Na+ causes the cell to
depolarize, become more positive (EPSP)
98
outflow of K+ causes cell to
hyperpolarize, become more negative (IPSP)
99
inflow of Cl- causes cell to
hyperpolarize become more negative (IPSP)

psychology 201: mind and body (4 decks)

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