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psychology 201: mind and body > midterm 1: chapter 3 > Flashcards

midterm 1: chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

phantom limb

A

sensation experienced by someone who has had a limb amputated, feelings that the limb still exists
-caused by changes occurring in the cortex, brain continues to receive signals from nerve endings

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2
Q

plasticity

A

ability to recover after a brain injury
-adaptive structural and functional changes to the brain
-decreases with age

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3
Q

endocrine system

A

uses hormones to control metabolism, energy level, growth, and reproduction

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4
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

conserves energy for “rest and digest”

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-controls involuntary muscles (intestines, lungs)
-subcategories: sympathetic & parasympathetic

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6
Q

somatic nervous system

A

-controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory info
-spinal and cranial nerves

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7
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

PNS

A

consists of somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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9
Q

amygdala

A

regulates emotion

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates body functions

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11
Q

thalamus

A

sensory gateway, processes the five senses

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12
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

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13
Q

basal ganglia

A

movement, reward

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14
Q

insula

A

emotion processing, arousal,

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15
Q

callosotomy

A

surgery that cuts the corpus callosum, usually to treat seizures, affects the connection between language and motor function

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16
Q

split brain

A

condition that occurs when the corpus callosum is cut and the two hemispheres of the brain do not receive information directly from each other

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17
Q

corpus callosum

A

massive bridge of millions of myelinated axons that connect the brain hemispheres and allows information to flow between them

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18
Q

Phineas Gage

A

sustained injury from rod going through his head/frontal lobes
-led to major personality changes, irritability, seizures

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19
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

the frontmost portion of the frontal lobes, especially prominent in humans, important for attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate behavior, and personality

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20
Q

homunculus

A

distorted representation of the body, more cortical area is devoted to the body’s more sensitive areas such as the face and fingers

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21
Q

hemineglect

A

-injury to right cerebral hemisphere
-unawareness or unresponsiveness to objects people or stimuli on the left side of the body

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22
Q

auditory cortex

A

brain region responsible for hearing, located in the temporal lobes

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23
Q

vision cortex

A

located in the occipital lobes (back of the head), area devoted almost exclusively to vision

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24
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

a strip in the front part of the lobe that runs along the central fissure from the top of the brain down the sides
- groups nearby touch sensations

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25
Q

primary motor cortex

A

located in the frontal lobes, includes neurons that project directly to the spinal cord to move the body’s muscles

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26
Q

gyrus

A

bump (convexity) in the cortex

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27
Q

sulcus

A

groove (concavity) in the cortex

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28
Q

four lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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29
Q

white matter

A

mostly axons and myelin sheaths that travel between brain regions

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30
Q

cortex (grey matter)

A

outer layer of the cerebral cortex, dominated by neurons’ cell bodies that communicate only with nearby neurons

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31
Q

brainstem

A

lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord, regulates most of body’s automatic functions that are essential for life

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32
Q

cerebellum

A

controls balance and other motor functions, fine movement coordination

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33
Q

forebrain

A

receiving and processing sensory information, thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language

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34
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS

A

magnetic pulse adds “noise to disrupt the neural processes of the cortex

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35
Q

function MRI (fMRI)

A

indicates which parts of brain are active

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36
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

magnetic field disrupts magnetic forces in body, energy is released from tissues and picked up by MRI detectors, creates images of anatomy
-used to determine location of brain damage or tumors

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37
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

inject radioactive substance into bloodstream, enables identification of most active brain areas
-con: injecting radioactive substance-safety

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38
Q

event related potentials (ERP’s)

A

records electrical activity of brain during stimuli, provides info about the speed at which the brain processes events
- cant pinpoint where processes take place

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39
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

recording the electrical activity of neurons, different behavioral states produce predictable EEG patterns
-hard to isolate responses to stimuli

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40
Q

Paul Broca- Broca’s area

A

small portion of left frontal region, crucial for production of language

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41
Q

phrenology

A

belief that by feeling the skull, one could describe the personality of the individual
developed by Franz Gall

42
Q

naloxone

A

direct antagonist for endorphins

43
Q

heroin

A

opiate drug that acts as endorphin agonists

44
Q

endorphins

A

pain reduction, reward

45
Q

SSRI’s

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increases reuptake and increasing its availability in the synapse

46
Q

Serotonin

A

emotional states and impulsiveness, dreaming

47
Q

Cocaine

A

blocks dopamine reuptake

48
Q

L-DOPA

A

an agonist that acts by introducing a substance that increases production of the neurotransmitter, dopamine
-treats Parkinson’s disease

49
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

degenerative and fatal disorder marked by muscular rigidity, tremors, and difficulty initiating voluntary action

50
Q

Dopamine

A

reward and motivation, motor control over voluntary movement

51
Q

botox

A

affects acetylcholine synaptic release, inhibits exocytosis, causes food poisoning from toxin bacteria

52
Q

black widow spider venom

A

affects acetylcholine synaptic release, stimulates exocytosis, causing choking

53
Q

acetylcholine

A

motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming

54
Q

GABA

A

inhibition of action potentials, anxiety reduction

55
Q

glutamate

A

enhancement of action potentials, learning and memory

56
Q

agonist effects

A

drugs and toxins that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters

57
Q

antagonist effects

A

drug that inhibits the actions of the neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

58
Q

rate law

A

-variations in the magnitude of a signal are represented by the firing rate of the neuron
-strong stimulus creates many action potentials, weak stimulus creates few action potentials

59
Q

neuron

A

nerve cells, basic units of nervous system

60
Q

dendrites

A

branchlike appendages that detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons

60
Q

cell body

A

where info received by the dendrites are collected and integrated

61
Q

axon

A

electrical impulses are transmitted along path between the cell body and the synapse

62
Q

synaptic terminals

A

end of presynaptic axon where vesicles store the neurotransmitter before releasing it

63
Q

synapse

A

site where communication occurs between neurons

64
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small space between pre and postsynaptic neurons since the two don’t touch each other

65
Q

presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

A

presynaptic neuron sends the neurotransmitter to the postsynaptic one

66
Q

ions that pass through cell membrane

A

sodium, chloride, potassium

67
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

68
Q

diffusion forces

A

-ions move from areas of high to low concentration
-helps cell to maintain resting potential

69
Q

electrostatic forces

A

-ions of opposite charges attract, same charges repel
-helps cell to maintain resting potential

70
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

-protein channel that lets in 2 K+ and 3 Na+ out
-drives the cell to become negatively charged

71
Q

action potentials

A

electrical signal that passes along the axon, this signal causes the axon terminal to release neurotransmitters to other neurons

72
Q

vesicles

A

stores neurotransmitter molecules

73
Q

neurotransmitter

A

molecule that carries the neuronal signal across the synaptic cleft, must be a chemical signal to travel to another neuron

74
Q

exocytosis

A

neurotransmitter is ejected from cell to synaptic cleft

75
Q

receptor

A

-neurotransmitter dependent ion channel, remains closed until transmitter contacts it and it opens
-different ion receptors produce different postsynaptic results

76
Q

depolarization

A

inflow of Na+, cell becomes more positively charged

77
Q

EPSP

A

-excitatory postsynaptic potential
-associated with depolarization
-increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire

78
Q

hyperpolarization

A

-increase polarization by increasing the negative charge
-associated with IPSP
-decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire

79
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential, cell becomes more negatively charged

80
Q

absolute and relative refractory periods

A

absolute- once an ion channel opens and closes, it cannot open again for a short period of time
relative- brief period of time following an action potential when a neurons membrane is more negative, meaning it takes more energy to create another action potential

81
Q

reuptake

A

-neurotransmitter is pulled back into presynaptic neuron for reuse
-recycles the neurotransmitter

82
Q

deactivating enzymes

A

destroy neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft through specific enzymes

83
Q

autoreception

A

neurotransmitters can also bind with receptors on the presynaptic neuron

84
Q

voltage-dependent ion channels

A

some channels only open when the threshold of excitation is hit, when voltage is below threshold, they remain closed

85
Q

myelin

A

-a myelin sheath encases and insulates many axons like the plastic tubing around wires
-bc of myelin, the action potential does not have to travel along the entire axon
-helps to increase speed of action potential

86
Q

glial cells

A

glial cells make up the myelin sheath

87
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

small gaps of exposed axon where action potentials take place

88
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

-deterioration of the myelin sheath
-leads to aberrant timing of action potentials, leading to sensory, motor and cognitive defects
-causes leak of action potential, axon is barely polarized enough to reach threshold of excitation

89
Q

all or none principle

A

-the principle that when a neuron fires, it fires with the same potency each time
-cant have a weak or strong firing strength

90
Q

doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

-the particular information represented by an action potential depends on which cell is firing
-a visual neuron carries a visual stimulus

91
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares body for “fight or flight”

92
Q

left side of the brain controls

A

language

93
Q

right side of the brain controls

A

motor function

94
Q

interpreter

A

the left hemispheres ability to construct a world that makes sense, it will fabricate a story to make up for missing info that would usually come from the right hemisphere

95
Q

ions that enter the cell membrane

A

Na+ and Cl-

96
Q

ions that leave the cell membrane

A

K+ and

97
Q

inflow of Na+ causes the cell to

A

depolarize, become more positive (EPSP)

98
Q

outflow of K+ causes cell to

A

hyperpolarize, become more negative (IPSP)

99
Q

inflow of Cl- causes cell to

A

hyperpolarize become more negative (IPSP)

psychology 201: mind and body (4 decks)

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