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psych Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

The scientific study of behaviour and the mental process

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2
Q

science

A

using systematic methods to observe human and animal behaviour and draw conclusions

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3
Q

behaviour

A

everything that we do that can be directly observed

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4
Q

mental process

A

The thoughts, feelings, and motives humans experience privately but cannot be observed directly

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5
Q

9 levels of analysis

A

Macro
Meso
molar
molecular
micro
sociology
social psychology
psychology
neuropsychology

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6
Q

10 things that make psychology challenging

A

Behaviour is hard to predict

Behaviour is multiply determined

psychological influences are rarely independent of one another

phsycological influences are unknown

people affect eachother

many psychological concepts are difficult to define

the brain didn’t evolve to understand itself

ppl in psych experiments usually know their being studied

people are different from eachother

culture influences behaviour

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7
Q

the search for what is real

A

ontology

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8
Q

materialism (Marx)

A

only material things exist

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9
Q

idealism (hegel)

A

some of reality exists separately from the sensible world

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10
Q

epistemology

A

the study of knowledge and how individuals gain knowledge

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11
Q

belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (bottom-up theorizing)

A

empiricism

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12
Q

Belief that at least some knowledge can be known independent of the senses top-down theorizing.

A

rationalism

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13
Q

Sees theories as soft mental images involving values and beliefs while facts are hard, settled and observable

A

realist view

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14
Q

functionalism

A

aimed to understand the
adaptive purposes of psychological
characteristics (thoughts, feelings,
behaviours)Using
evolutionary theory in
modern psychology

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15
Q

psychoanalysis / psychodynamic theory

A

Focuses on internal psychological processes
(impulses, thoughts, memories) of which we’re
unaware

freud

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16
Q

behaviourism

A

focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking outside the organism to rewards, punishment and behaviour delivered by or present in the environment

founded by John b Watson and bf skinner

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17
Q

cognitivism

A

proposes that our thinking (cognition) effects our behaviour in powerful ways

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18
Q

approach of using many different methods in concert (surveys, lab experiments, real world observation)

A

critical multiplism

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19
Q

Types of psychologists - assessment, diagnosis, causes and
treatment of mental disorders

A

clinical

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20
Q

Types of psychologists - work with normal people
experiencing temporary or self-contained
(situational) problems (e.g., marital or occupational
difficulties)

A

counselors

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21
Q

Types of psychologists - assess schoolchildren’s
psychological problems and develop
intervention programs

A

school

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22
Q

Types of psychologists - study why and how people change overtime

A

developmental

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23
Q

naive realism

A

The belief that we see the world precisely as it is –
seeing is believing

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24
Q

willingness to
share our findings with others

A

communalism

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25
Q

attempt to be
objective when evaluating
evidence

A

disinterestedness

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26
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to seek out evidence that
supports our hypothesis and neglect or distort
contradicting evidence

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27
Q

belief perseverance

A

tendency to stick to our initial
beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

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28
Q

scientific theory

A

not just an educated guess

Explanation for a large number of findings in
the natural world

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29
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction – your
research question derived from a theory

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30
Q

pseudoscience

A

set of claims that seems
scientific but isn’t - lacks safeguards against
confirmation bias and belief perseverance

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31
Q

metaphysical claims

A

unfalsifiable (e.g., God,
the soul, or the afterlife: not necessarily wrong,
but untestable; Karl Popper)

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32
Q

tendency to perceive meaningful images (but
not just faces in meaningless visual stimuli

A

peradoila

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33
Q

tendency to perceive meaningful connections
among unrelated phenomena (coincidence)

A

apophenia

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34
Q

common logical fallacies:
error of
using our emotions to evaluate the validity
of the claim – affect heuristic

A

emotional reasoning fallacy

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35
Q

common logical fallacies:
assuming a claim is
correct because many people believe it

A

bandwagon fallacy

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36
Q

common logical fallacies:
framing a question as
though we can answer it one of two
extreme ways

A

either or fallacy

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37
Q

common logical fallacies:
believing we’re immune
from thinking errors that afflict others

A

not me fallacy

38
Q

Blind to our own
perspective, but not to others’ (like accents,
other cultures, etc.)

A

bias blind spots

39
Q

dangers of pseudoscience

A

opportunity costs
animal deaths
direct harm
slippery slope

40
Q

pathological skepticism

A

tendency to dismiss any
claims that contradict one’s beliefs

41
Q

tendency to seek out evidence inconsistent with a hypothesis we don’t believe, and neglect information consistent with it

A

disconfirmation bias

42
Q

premise that we should keep our
minds open, but not so open that we believe virtually
everything

A

bergs dictum

43
Q

critical thinking

A

set of skills for
evaluating all claims in an open-
minded and careful fashion

44
Q

Methods: Common Features

A
  • All are empirical.
  • All are systematic.
  • All are theoretical.
  • All are public.
  • All are self-reflective.
  • All are open-ended
45
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to
overestimate how well we could have successfully
forecasted known outcomes

46
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to overestimate our
ability to make correct predictions
* These errors can lead to confidence in false conclusions

47
Q

Scientific method
comprises five steps:

A
  1. Observing a phenomenon
  2. Formulating hypotheses
    and predictions
  3. Testing through empirical
    research
  4. Drawing conclusions
  5. Evaluating the theory
48
Q

watching behaviour
in real-world settings

A

naturalistic observation

49
Q

high degree of external validity

A

extent to which we can generalize our findings to the
real world

50
Q

low degree of internal validity

A

extent to which we
can draw cause-and-effect inferences

51
Q

key to
generalizability; ensures every person in
a population has an equal chance of
being chosen to participate

A

random selection

52
Q

halo effect

A

endency of ratings of one positive
characteristic to spill over to influence the ratings of
other positive characteristics

avoids cons of self reports

53
Q

leniency effect

A

tendency of raters to provide
ratings that are overly generous

avoids cons of self reports

54
Q

what makes a study an experiment ?

A

random selection

experimental group

control group

selection factor

independent and dependent variable

cofounds

cause and effect

55
Q

cofounds

A

any difference
between the experimental and
control groups, other than the
independent variable; makes
independent variable effects
uninterpretable

56
Q

cause and effect

A

possible to
infer, with random assignment and
manipulation of independent variable

57
Q

placebo effect

A

improvement resulting from the mere expectation of
improvement

*Subjects must be blind - unaware of
whether they are in the experimental or
control group

  • Placebos show many of the same
    characteristics as real drugs

pitfall of expiremental design

58
Q

nocebo effect

A

harm resulting from
the mere expectation of harm (e.g.,
voodoo doll phenomenon)

pitfall of expiremntal design

59
Q

phenomenon
in which researchers’ hypotheses lead them to
unintentionally bias a study outcome

A

experimenter expectancy effect

pitfall of expiremental design

60
Q

double blind design

A

neither researchers nor
subjects know who is in the experimental or control
group

pitfall of experimental design

61
Q

hawthorne effect

A

phenomenon in which
participants’ knowledge that they’re being studied can
affect their behaviour

pitfall of e.d

62
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues that participants
pick up from a study that allow them to generate
guesses regarding the researcher’s hypotheses

pitfall of e d

63
Q

modern ethical guidelines

A

institutional Review Board (IRB): examine proposals in
light of ethical guidelines

informed consent

justification of deception

64
Q

consiousness

A

our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives

-awareness of thoughts, feelings, etc..

65
Q

Occurs in a global brain workspace
* Is thoughts about one’s experiences (you see a beautiful flower

A

awareness

66
Q

State determined by the reticular activating system
* The physiological state of being engaged with the environment

A

arousal

67
Q

qualia

A

The way it feels to experience mental states such as feeling
pain

68
Q

is as a natural state of rest for the body and mind
* Involves the reversible loss of consciousness
* Comprises a third of our life

A

sleep

69
Q

biological rhythms

A

periodic physiological fluctuations in the body

70
Q

Cardigan rhythms

A

cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hr basis
in many biological processes (e.g., hormone release, body temperature

71
Q

biological clock

A

the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) of the
hypothalamus, triggers our sense of fatigue

72
Q

why do we needs sleep?

A

Adaptive Evolutionary Function
* Safety
* Energy conservation/ efficiency
* Restorative Function
* Body rejuvenation & growth
* Brain Plasticity
* Enhances synaptic connections
* Memory consolidation
* Chronic sleep deprivation
* Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)

73
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation results in..

A

Decreased activity in thalamus and prefrontal
cortex
* Inability to sustain attention
* Poor decision making and problem solving

74
Q

sleep
N1 STAGE

A

5-10 minutes, theta waves, light sleep, may contain
hypnagogic imagery, hypnic myoclonia

75
Q

SLEEP
N2 STAGE

A

20-30 minutes, theta waves, sleep spindles, K-complexes

76
Q

SLEEP
N3 STAGE

A

10-30 minutes, delta waves, deeper sleep, crucial for
rest, suppressed by alcohol

77
Q

SLEEP
REM

A

(paradoxical sleep) – stage R, 10-20+ minutes, eye
movements, vivid dreaming

78
Q

REM DREAMS

A

– More dreams occur during REM
than non-REM
– Emotional, illogical
– Prone to plot shifts
– Biologically crucial

79
Q

non rem dreams

A

Shorter dreams
– More thought-like
– Repetitive
– Concerned with daily tasks

80
Q

Experience of becoming aware
that one is dreaming
* Sleep and wake may not be as distinct as once thought
* Some report being able to control dreams
* May help with nightmares, but not other problems 15

A

lucid dream

81
Q

difficulty falling and
staying asleep
– Higher rates in those with depression, pain, medical
conditions
– Restless leg syndrome - urge to move one’s legs or other body
parts while attempting to sleep
– Sleeping pills and rebound insomnia

A

insomnia

82
Q

apid and unexpected onset of sleep
– Cataplexy
– Lack of orexin production

A

narcolepsy

83
Q

blockage of airway during sleep
– Fatigue next day

A

sleep apnea

84
Q

during Stages 3 and 4, sudden waking
episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion
followed by a return to a deep sleep
– Most common in children

A

night terrors

85
Q

(15-30% of children and
3-5% of adults) usually occurs during deepest (N1-N2) non-REM
sleep (not dreaming)
– May include complex behaviours (e.g., climbing out windows, driving)
– Most common in children

A

sleepwalking

86
Q

Freud’s wish fulfillment and dream protection theory

A

Freud’s wish fulfillment and dream protection theory -
dreams transform our sexual and aggressive instincts into symbols that
represent wish fulfillment and require interpretation

87
Q

realistic perceptual experiences in the
absence of external stimuli

A

hallucinations

88
Q

sociocognitive theory

A

approach to explaining hypnosis
based on people’s beliefs and social expectations

89
Q

Sense of consciousness
leaving one’s body
– No scientific evidence to support
– May be related to ability to fantasize and to become
extraordinarily absorbed in experiences

A

out of body experience

90
Q

disassociation model

A

approach to explaining hypnosis based on separation of the
parts of the personality responsible for planning from the part
that controls memories

91
Q

disorientation,
confusion, visual hallucinations, memory problems
resulting from alcohol withdrawal, may be fatal without
proper medical care

A

delirium tremens

92
Q
A

Enviormental Science (3 decks)

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