Psych 121 Flashcards
medical model
abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures.
- a disorder refers to a common set of signs and symptoms
- a disease is a known pathological process affecting the body
- a diagnosis is a determination as to whether a disorder or disease is present
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM5)
a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.
comorbidity
co-occurance of two or more disorders in a single individual
biopsychosocial perspective
explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological psychological, and social factors
diathesis-stress model
a person may be pre disposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)
new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes ht give rise to them.
- classify by causes of disorders rather then symptoms
- be inline with how they study medical disorders
Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)
new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes ht give rise to them.
- classify by causes of disorders rather then symptoms
- be inline with how they study medical disorders
- dysfunctions in normal psychological processes
psychological disorders
60 percent do not seek treatment because of stigma
anxiety disorder
mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature. excessive uncontrolled worry.
-significant comorbidity
-physical symptoms: muscle tension, heart palpitations, stomach pain, need to urine
-emotional symtoms: fearfulness, watchfulness, irritability
cognitive symptoms: unrealistic worry, hypervigilance
anxiety disorder
mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature. excessive uncontrolled worry.
-significant comorbidity
-physical symptoms: muscle tension, heart palpitations, stomach pain, need to urine
-emotional symtoms: fearfulness, watchfulness, irritability
cognitive symptoms: unrealistic worry, hypervigilance
past worrying: difficulty concentrating, strong startle response, difficulty falling asleep
Phobic disorder
disorders characterized by marked, persistent and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects , activities or situations
specific phobia
irrational fear of a particular object or situation or place
social phobia
a disorder that involves irrational fear of being publicly humiliated
preparedness theory
people are instinctively predisposed towards certain fears
-conditionned to have a fear response by stimulus
social anxiety disorder
fear of being judged by others or embarrassing oneself in front of others(negative evaluation)
Panic disorders
reoccurant attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly
agoraphobia
a specific phobia involving a fear of public places
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance
obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD)
a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviours designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individuals functioning
obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD)
a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviours designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individuals functioning
-other related disorder: excoriation, hoarding, trichotillomania, body dysmorphic disorder
Postraumatic stress disorder
chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
Postraumatic stress disorder
chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
- 3 months within experiencing trauma
- severe and distressful interfering with daily activity
Mood disorders
mental disorders that have mood disturbances
- biological influences: genetic predisposition, changes in brain chemistry, brain damage due to stress
- socio-cultural influences: traumatic/negative events, cultural expectations, depression evoked responses
- psychological influences: negative explanatory style, learned helplessness, gender differences
major depressive disorder
-lasts two weeks, feeling of lethargy, worthlessness, sleep and eating disturbances
-hard to diagnose kids cause they only have physical symptoms
-emotional symptoms: sad, nothing you can do about it, not worthy, less social
cognitive symptoms: hard to concentrate, gain weight, distracted, themselves, other and world are all negative, suicidal thoughts
-behavioural symptoms: less eye contact, slow movements, episodes of crying with no reason
dysthymia
depression that is less severe but lasts at leasts 2 years
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
depressent episodes in seasonal patterns
double depression
moderately depressed mood for at least 2 years that is punctuated by periods of major depressive disorders
helplessness theory
part of cognitive model of depression, which maintains that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal. (internal, stable, global)
depression (negative schema)
- interpretations of information ( see neutral info as negative)
- attention (trouble disengaging from negative info
- memory (recall the negative more then the positive)
bipolar disorder
-cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
manic state
- euphoria, excitement, physical energy, wild optimism, rapids thoughts and speech
- see more glucose and oxygen, brain scan will light up with activity
- make poor drastic outcomes
- similar symptoms to psychosis
- invincible
- spend too much money
- risky decisions
- atypical sexual behaviour
Difference between bipolar 1 and 2
1) person with bipolar 1 has mania and can experience psychosis
2) bipolar two has hypomania and does not experience psychosis during hypomania state
expressed emotion
-a measure of how hostility, criticism, and emotional over involvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder. These people are more likely to relapse
manic state
- euphoria, excitement, physical energy, wild optimism, rapids thoughts and speech
- see more glucose and oxygen, brain scan will light up with activity
- make poor drastic outcomes
- similar symptoms to psychosis
- invincible
- spend too much money
- risky decisions
- atypical sexual behaviour
- lasts at least 1 week
Schizophrenia
- psychotic disorder: disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation and behaviour.
- 2 or more symptoms over at least 1 month with signs persisting for 6 months
Schizophrenia
- psychotic disorder: disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation and behaviour.
- 2 or more symptoms over at least 1 month with signs persisting for 6 months
- problem with reality
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
- thoughts and behaviours not see without disorder(excessive of typical, hallucinations):
- hallucinations(perceptual experience): hearing, seeing, and smelling something that is not there.
- Delusions: false beliefs, bizarre and grandiose that are irrational: may believe your jesus or think CIA is ager you
- Disorganized speech: disruption in communication, rapidly shifting from unrelated topics
- Disorganized behaviour: inappropriate behaviour for situations, staying in the same position for hours like your a mahican
catatonic behaviour
-decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- disruptions to normal emotions and behaviours
- emotional and social withdrawal
- affect flattening: severe reduction in emotional response to the environment
- no facial expressions, no laughing or crying
- emotions expressed inappropriately(laugh at funeral)
Schizophrenia
- psychotic disorder: disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation and behaviour.
- 2 or more symptoms over at least 1 month with signs persisting for 6 months
- problem with reality
- make up 40 % admittance in psychiatric hospitals (second most common disorder)
schizophrenia subtypes
-no longer recognized in DSM5 because of diagnostic reliability and poor validity
good and bad news about schizophrenia
- good: treatment can be effective at managing and treating symptoms
- duration of episodes tends to decline with age
- bad: more chronic and debilitating than any other mental health disorder, shortened lifespan of 10 years, increased likelihood of suicide completion
Schizophrenia
- psychotic disorder: disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation and behaviour.
- 2 or more symptoms over at least 1 month with signs persisting for 6 months
- problem with reality
- make up 40 % admittance in psychiatric hospitals (second most common disorder)
- heritability index is high
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
- thoughts and behaviours not see without disorder(excessive of typical, hallucinations):
- hallucinations(perceptual experience): hearing, seeing, and smelling something that is not there.
- Delusions: false beliefs, bizarre and grandiose that are irrational: may believe your jesus or think CIA is ager you
- Disorganized speech: disruption in communication, rapidly shifting from unrelated topics
- Disorganized behaviour: inappropriate behaviour for situations, staying in the same position for hours like your a mahican
Psychotic disorder etiology
- high heritability
- mothers blood toxicity
- dopamine hypothesis: the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess level of dopamine activity
- neuroanatomy: enlargement of the ventricles, hollow areas filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Psychotic disorder etiology
- high heritability
- mothers blood toxicity
- dopamine hypothesis: the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess level of dopamine activity
- neuroanatomy: enlargement of the ventricles, hollow areas filled with cerebrospinal fluid, ventricles are abnormally large suggesting loss of brain tissue that could arise from abnormal prenatal development
