Psych

Question 1

Mania symptoms

Answer 1

Elated mood
Irritability
Over energised
Grandiose
Little need for sleep
Poor concentration
Rapid speech

Question 2

Schizophrenia/psychosis positive symptoms

Answer 2

Hallucinations

Delusion

Question 3

Causes of trait anxiety

Answer 3

Genetic
Environment
Triggers/stressors

Question 4

Causes and effects of state anxiety

Answer 4

Trait anxiety
Poor sleep
Perpetuation of conditioned fear

Avoidance
Social withdrawal/isolation

Question 5

Loop in self-harm(also includes substance abuse, eating disorders, OCD)

Answer 5

State of distress->distress reducing behaviour->temporary relief->negative reinforcement->urge->repetition

Question 6

Schizophrenia negative symptoms

Answer 6

Anhedonia
Apathy
Social withdrawal

Question 7

Schizophrenia disorganised symptoms

Answer 7

Thought disorder

Disorganised speech/behaviour

Question 8

Difference between hallucinations and delusions

Answer 8

Delusion: fixed false belief
Hallucination: percepts in absence of stimulus

Question 9

Psychosis negative symptoms

Answer 9

Speech poverty(alogia)
Apathy
Anhedonia
Affective flattening(poor eye contact & facial expression)

Question 10

Psychosis disorganised symptoms

Answer 10

Bizarre behaviour

Thought disorder

Question 11

Aspects of mental state examination

Answer 11

Appearance and behaviour
Speech
Mood
Thoughts
Perceptions
Cognition
Insight

Question 12

Psychosis management

Answer 12

Drugs: antipsychotics->DA antagonist/partial DA antagonist

Psychological: CBT, avatar therapy

Social support: employment, housing

Question 13

Extrapyramidal side effects of typical antipsychotics

Answer 13

Parkinsonism
Acute dystonia
Tardive dyskinesia

Question 14

Criteria for MDD

Answer 14

> 2 weeks of low mood +

Associated:
Anhedonia
Sleep disturbance
Appetite/weight change
Fatigue/low energy
Agitation/slow movement
Poor concentration
Suicidal thoughts
Feeling of worthlessness

Question 15

Manic episode criteria

Answer 15

Euphoric/irritable mood + 3/7 of:

Low sleep
High energy
Distractibility
Grandiosity
Talkative
Agitation
Impulsive behaviour

Question 16

Types of bipolar disorder

Answer 16

Type 1: 1 week+functional impairment(manic episode)

Type 2: 4 days+no functional impairment(hypomanic episode) +major depressive episode

Question 17

Investigation to rule out for depression

Answer 17

TFT for hypothyroidism

Question 18

Substance use reinforcement

Answer 18

Positive: escapism, stay awake, get high, like it

Negative: boredom, get sleep, reduce anxiety, feel better

Question 19

Dependence syndrome criteria

Answer 19

Strong desire to use substance
Difficulty controlling use
Physiological withdrawal when stopped
Evidence of tolerance
Neglect of other interest
Persistent use despite knowing harm

Question 20

Addiction and dependence difference

Answer 20

Addiction: compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences

Dependence: adaptation to substance ->tolerance/withdrawal

Question 21

Alcohol addiction pathophysiology

Answer 21

Alters balance between excitatory and inhibitory
Blocks excitatory->impaired memory
Boosts inhibitory->sedation

Question 22

How does cocaine/amphetamine work

Answer 22

Block DA reuptake and enhances DA release

Question 23

Difference between opioids and opiates

Answer 23

Opiates are natural opioids

Question 24

Opioid effects

Answer 24

Analgesia

Euphoria

Question 25

Natural opioids

Answer 25

Opium Morphine Codeine

Question 26

Synthetic opioids

Answer 26

Fentanyl(100x more potent than morhpine) Methadone Tramadol

Question 27

How to spot and treat opiate overdose

Answer 27

``` Constricted pupils Slow breathing Unconscious Snoring/gurgling Clammy/cold skin Blue lips/nails ``` Naloxone(IM/nasal spray)

Question 28

What are G drugs

Answer 28

GHB and GBL Cause a high with small dose Higher dose causes sedation Small difference can cause overdose Highly addictice

Question 29

Alcohol addiction medication

Answer 29

Acamprosate(raise GABA, NMDA antago) Disulfiram(feel nauseous when drinking) Naltrexone Nalmefene(opioid antagonist)

Question 30

Opioid addiction medication

Answer 30

Methadone(opioid ago) Buprenorphine(partial opioid ago) Treat pain/opioid dependence

Question 31

Benzodiazepine/G drugs addiction medication

Answer 31

Maintain diazepam with reducing regime | Baclofen(GABA agonist)

Question 32

When hypomania cannot be diagnosed

Answer 32

Psychotic features present Hospitalisation If manic symptoms< 4 days->unspecified bipolar disorder