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psychology 1100 > psych 1100 test 1 > Flashcards

psych 1100 test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

identify and discuss the 3 basic issues regarding development theories

A

a) stage theorist believe that everyone is following the same sequence
b) new studies coming out about older generations
c) continuous vs. discontinuous

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2
Q

3 broad domains within each period of developmental change

A

a) physical
b)cognitive
c)emotional/social

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3
Q

natural selection

A

only those who have certain characteristics will survive and be resilient

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4
Q

survival of the fittest

A

animals who have certain characteristics or are able to adapt to their environment are better equipped

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5
Q

normative approach

A

is an analytical way to gain data on development

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6
Q

oral stage

A

stage in which the infant desires sucking activities

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7
Q

anal stage

A

stage in which toilet training becomes a major issue between parent and child

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8
Q

phallic stage

A

stage in which the oedipal and electra conflicts take place

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9
Q

latency stage

A

stage in which sexual instincts die down

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10
Q

genital stage

A

stage marked by mature sexuality

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11
Q

modeling

A

toddlers learn by watching or observing adults and imitating their actions to receive the same reactions

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12
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

this stage is characterized by the use of eyes, ears, hands, and mouth to explore the environment

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13
Q

preoperational

A

during this stage, children use symbols and engage in make-believe play

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14
Q

concrete operational

A

this stage is marked by the development of logical, organized reasoning skills

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15
Q

formal operational

A

during this stage, thought becomes more complex, and children develop the capacity for abstract reasoning

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16
Q

developmental cognitive neuroscience

A

study the relationship between changes in the brain and a developing persons cognitive processing and behavior patterns

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17
Q

sensitive period

A

a biological optimal time for a toddler to learn something because they are more receptive to their environment

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18
Q

critical period

A

when an individual is biologically prepared to learn new behaviors but they need support from a stimulating environment

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19
Q

ethnography study method

A

studying a culture or social group

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20
Q

what study design does not look at cause and effect

A

correlational design

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21
Q

experimental design

A

control groups

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22
Q

chromosomes are made up of a chemical substance called:

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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23
Q

fraternal or dizygotic twins

A
  • most common type of multiple birth
    -older maternal age and use of fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization
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24
Q

identical or monozygotic twins

A

-same genetic makeup
-environmental influences like temperature changes, variations in oxygen levels, or late fertilization of the ovum

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25
Q

genomic imprinting

A

one allele pair is active regardless of its makeup
a. fragile x syndrome
b. prader-willi syndrome

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26
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

an interaction of many genes that affect the characteristics (hair color, height, weight)

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27
Q

heritability estimates

A

measure the extent of individual differences in complex traits are due to genetic factors

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28
Q

passive correlation

A

parents provide an environment consistent with their own heredity

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29
Q

evocative correlation

A

a childs style of responding influences other’s responses, which then strengthens the child’s original style

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30
Q

active correlation

A

children increasingly seek out environments that fit their genetic tendencies (niche-picking)

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31
Q

bastocyst

A

hollow, fluid-filled ball that is formed by a tiny mass of cells four days after fertilization

32
Q

embryonic disk

A

will become the new organism

33
Q

trophoblast

A

will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment to the new organism

34
Q

functions of the amniotic fluid

A

-acts as a cushion for jolts and bumps
-keeps the temperature stable

35
Q

mesoderm

A

muscles, skeleton, circulatory systems and other internal organs

36
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous system and skin

37
Q

endoderm

A

digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands

38
Q

vernix

A

the white, cheese like substance that protects the skin from chapping in the amniotic fluid

39
Q

lanugo

A

white, downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus

40
Q

thalidomide

A

a sedative widely available in some countries during the early 1960’s, produced deformities of the embryo’s developing arms and legs, and less frequently, caused damage to the ears, heart, kidneys, and genitals.

41
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

distinguished by slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities, and brain injury

42
Q

partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS)

A

characterized by two of the three facial abnormalities and brain injury

43
Q

alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

A

at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities

44
Q

stage 1 of childbirth

A

the cervix is dilating, this is the longest stage

45
Q

stage 2 of childbirth

A

cervix is open and they force the baby out

46
Q

stage 3 of childbirth

A

the mother has to deliver the placenta

47
Q

four environmental factors associated with SIDS

A
  1. maternal cigarette smoking
  2. prenatal abuse of drugs
  3. sleep on stomach and soft bedding
  4. poverty stricken minorities
48
Q

synaptic pruning

A

returns neurons that are not needed at that moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

49
Q

left hemisphere

A

verbal abilities and positive emotion

50
Q

right hemisphere

A

spatial abilities and negative emotions

51
Q

lateralization

A

specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

52
Q

brain plasticity

A

capacity of various parts of the cerebral cortex to take over functions of damaged regions

53
Q

experience expectant

A

ordinary experiences: age appropriate play materials

54
Q

experience dependent

A

additional growth: parents reading to their kids

55
Q

four nutritional and health benefits of breast milk

A

a) correct balance of nutrition of fat and protein
b) nutritional completeness
c) ensures healthy physical growth
d) protects against many diseases

56
Q

prereaching

A

poorly coordinated swipes or swings toward an object

57
Q

ulnar grasp

A

clumsy motion in which the fingers close against the palm

58
Q

pincer grasp

A

well-coordinated movement in which infants use the thumb and forefinger opposably

59
Q

differentiation theory

A

infants actively search out invariant features, things that do not change, in their environment. Over time an infant will detect finer and finer invariant features in their environment

60
Q

schemas

A

specific psychological structures, or organized ways of making sense of experience

61
Q

adaptation

A

building schemes through direct interaction with the environment

62
Q

assimilation

A

using current schemes to interpret the external world

63
Q

accommodation

A

creating new schemes or adjusting old ones to produce a better fit with the environment

64
Q

organization

A

taking new schemes, rearranging them, and linking them with other schemes to create an interconnected cognitive system

65
Q

circular reaction

A

when an infant stumbles onto something new and tries to reenact it to build a new schema. They keep going back to the event again and again.

66
Q

A-not-B error

A

has to deal with object permanence and hiding objects. they will reach for an object when it is in hiding place A but after they watch it move to spot B they still reach for spot A because they think it is still there

67
Q

solve problems by analogy

A

take a strategy from one problem and apply it to other relevant problems

68
Q

central executive

A

the conscious reflective part of the mental system

69
Q

telegraphic speech

A

during the stage of two word utterances children tend to focus more on high-content words to get their point across

70
Q

emotional self-regulation

A

ability to adjust our emotions back to baseline so we can accomplish goals

71
Q

attachment

A

the strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure and comfort

72
Q

pre-attachment phase

A

infants are not yet attached to their mother and do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult

73
Q

attachment-in-the-making phase

A

infants start to respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger

74
Q

clear cut attachment phase

A

attachment to the familiar caregiver is evident, and infants display separation anxiety

75
Q

formation of a reciprocal relationship

A

separation anxiety declines as children gain an understanding of the parent’s comings and goings and can predict his/her return

psychology 1100 (2 decks)

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