psych 1100 test 1 Flashcards
identify and discuss the 3 basic issues regarding development theories
a) stage theorist believe that everyone is following the same sequence
b) new studies coming out about older generations
c) continuous vs. discontinuous
3 broad domains within each period of developmental change
a) physical
b)cognitive
c)emotional/social
natural selection
only those who have certain characteristics will survive and be resilient
survival of the fittest
animals who have certain characteristics or are able to adapt to their environment are better equipped
normative approach
is an analytical way to gain data on development
oral stage
stage in which the infant desires sucking activities
anal stage
stage in which toilet training becomes a major issue between parent and child
phallic stage
stage in which the oedipal and electra conflicts take place
latency stage
stage in which sexual instincts die down
genital stage
stage marked by mature sexuality
modeling
toddlers learn by watching or observing adults and imitating their actions to receive the same reactions
sensorimotor stage
this stage is characterized by the use of eyes, ears, hands, and mouth to explore the environment
preoperational
during this stage, children use symbols and engage in make-believe play
concrete operational
this stage is marked by the development of logical, organized reasoning skills
formal operational
during this stage, thought becomes more complex, and children develop the capacity for abstract reasoning
developmental cognitive neuroscience
study the relationship between changes in the brain and a developing persons cognitive processing and behavior patterns
sensitive period
a biological optimal time for a toddler to learn something because they are more receptive to their environment
critical period
when an individual is biologically prepared to learn new behaviors but they need support from a stimulating environment
ethnography study method
studying a culture or social group
what study design does not look at cause and effect
correlational design
experimental design
control groups
chromosomes are made up of a chemical substance called:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
fraternal or dizygotic twins
- most common type of multiple birth
-older maternal age and use of fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization
identical or monozygotic twins
-same genetic makeup
-environmental influences like temperature changes, variations in oxygen levels, or late fertilization of the ovum
genomic imprinting
one allele pair is active regardless of its makeup
a. fragile x syndrome
b. prader-willi syndrome
polygenic inheritance
an interaction of many genes that affect the characteristics (hair color, height, weight)
heritability estimates
measure the extent of individual differences in complex traits are due to genetic factors
passive correlation
parents provide an environment consistent with their own heredity
evocative correlation
a childs style of responding influences other’s responses, which then strengthens the child’s original style
active correlation
children increasingly seek out environments that fit their genetic tendencies (niche-picking)
bastocyst
hollow, fluid-filled ball that is formed by a tiny mass of cells four days after fertilization
embryonic disk
will become the new organism
trophoblast
will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment to the new organism
functions of the amniotic fluid
-acts as a cushion for jolts and bumps
-keeps the temperature stable
mesoderm
muscles, skeleton, circulatory systems and other internal organs
ectoderm
nervous system and skin
endoderm
digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands
vernix
the white, cheese like substance that protects the skin from chapping in the amniotic fluid
lanugo
white, downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus
thalidomide
a sedative widely available in some countries during the early 1960’s, produced deformities of the embryo’s developing arms and legs, and less frequently, caused damage to the ears, heart, kidneys, and genitals.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
distinguished by slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities, and brain injury
partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS)
characterized by two of the three facial abnormalities and brain injury
alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)
at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities
stage 1 of childbirth
the cervix is dilating, this is the longest stage
stage 2 of childbirth
cervix is open and they force the baby out
stage 3 of childbirth
the mother has to deliver the placenta
four environmental factors associated with SIDS
- maternal cigarette smoking
- prenatal abuse of drugs
- sleep on stomach and soft bedding
- poverty stricken minorities
synaptic pruning
returns neurons that are not needed at that moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development
left hemisphere
verbal abilities and positive emotion
right hemisphere
spatial abilities and negative emotions
lateralization
specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
brain plasticity
capacity of various parts of the cerebral cortex to take over functions of damaged regions
experience expectant
ordinary experiences: age appropriate play materials
experience dependent
additional growth: parents reading to their kids
four nutritional and health benefits of breast milk
a) correct balance of nutrition of fat and protein
b) nutritional completeness
c) ensures healthy physical growth
d) protects against many diseases
prereaching
poorly coordinated swipes or swings toward an object
ulnar grasp
clumsy motion in which the fingers close against the palm
pincer grasp
well-coordinated movement in which infants use the thumb and forefinger opposably
differentiation theory
infants actively search out invariant features, things that do not change, in their environment. Over time an infant will detect finer and finer invariant features in their environment
schemas
specific psychological structures, or organized ways of making sense of experience
adaptation
building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
assimilation
using current schemes to interpret the external world
accommodation
creating new schemes or adjusting old ones to produce a better fit with the environment
organization
taking new schemes, rearranging them, and linking them with other schemes to create an interconnected cognitive system
circular reaction
when an infant stumbles onto something new and tries to reenact it to build a new schema. They keep going back to the event again and again.
A-not-B error
has to deal with object permanence and hiding objects. they will reach for an object when it is in hiding place A but after they watch it move to spot B they still reach for spot A because they think it is still there
solve problems by analogy
take a strategy from one problem and apply it to other relevant problems
central executive
the conscious reflective part of the mental system
telegraphic speech
during the stage of two word utterances children tend to focus more on high-content words to get their point across
emotional self-regulation
ability to adjust our emotions back to baseline so we can accomplish goals
attachment
the strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure and comfort
pre-attachment phase
infants are not yet attached to their mother and do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult
attachment-in-the-making phase
infants start to respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger
clear cut attachment phase
attachment to the familiar caregiver is evident, and infants display separation anxiety
formation of a reciprocal relationship
separation anxiety declines as children gain an understanding of the parent’s comings and goings and can predict his/her return
