Psych 107 Exam 2 Flashcards
Cell Division
Germinal (0-2 weeks)
Eyes, heart, arms, legs, intestines, placenta
Embryonic-(3-8 weeks)
Hears sounds, sleep patterns in the womb
5 months
Eyes and eyelids form, grasping reflex
6 months
Slowed growth in the womb
7 months
Senses functioning in the womb
8 months
Teratogens
Agent that damages fetus
Increase in dendrites Neurons become connected Myelinated axons Synaptic connections between neurons
Blooming
Frontal Lobe development
3-6 years
Brain achieves 95% adult size
10 years old
cognitive milestones, children actively construct their world through schemas
Jean Piaget
incorporate new information into existing knowledge
assimilation
adjust schema to new information
Accommodation
sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational
4 stages of cognitive development
Experience world through senses and actions Object permanence
sensorimotor
Understand that objects exist without being able to see or feel it
Object permanence(5-8) months
Represent things with symbols, Cannot perform operations, Lack of conservation, Egocentrism
Preoperational stage(2-7 years)
Permanence of attributes despite physical change
Lack of conservation
Inability to distinguish between their perspective and other perspectives
Egocentrism
Perform operations, Develop conservations skills, Use logical reasoning in concrete situations, Classification skills increase, Focus on more than one aspect of a problem
Concrete operational(7-11 years)
Thinking more idealistic, abstract, logical
Use Hypothetical deductive reasoning
Formal operational(12+)
Erik Erickson
Socioemotional
Trust vs mistrust, Autonomy vs shame and doubt, Initiative vs guilt, Industry vs inferiority
childhood psychosocial stages
Develop sense of basic trust(0-1.5 years)
Trust vs mistrust
Develop independence and self confidence(1.5-3 years)
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Develop initiative, more responsibility
(3-5 years)
initiative vs guilt
mastering knowledge and intellectual skills(6 years to puberty)
industry vs inferiority
close emotional bond between infant and caregiver
attachment
contact comfort, need comfort as well as food
Henry Harlow
attachment theory, instincts form lifelong bond with mother
John Bowlby
“strange situation” types of attachment
Mary Ainsworth
imprinting, sensitive period
Konrad Lorenze
authoritative, authoritarian, reject/neglect, indulgent
Baumrind’s parenting styles
high control, high warmth
Authoritative
high control, low warmth
Authoritarian
low control, low warmth
reject/neglect
high warmth, low control
indulgent
puberty, cognitive development, psychosocial development, emerging adulthood
adolescence
Piaget’s formal operational stage, Adolescent, Egocentrism, Everyone is preoccupied with me, I am unique, I am indestructible, Cognitive empathy
Cognitive development
Erik Erickson’s theory, Stage 5: identity vs identity confusion, Ethnic identity, Parents vs peers
psychosocial development
Transition from adolescence to adulthood, Identity exploration, Instability, Self-focused, Feeling ”in-between”, Age of possibility
Emerging adulthood
Healthiest, More bad habits(20-40)
Early Physical adulthood
Visible signs of aging, menopause(40-60)
Middle Physical adulthood
Reaction time slows down, Muscle strength diminishes, Brain functioning diminishes(60+)
Late Physical Adulthood
More realistic logical thinking, Long term memory declines
Early Cognitive adulthood
Intellectual skills peak, Crystallized and fluid intelligence increases
Middle Cognitive Adulthood
processing speed and memory declines
Late Cognitive adulthood
intimacy versus isolation
psychosocial 20-30 years
generativity versus stagnations
psychosocial 40-50 years
desire to assist younger generation
generativity versus stagnation
integrity versus despair, reflecting on life
psychosocial 60+
more activity and involvement results in happier person
activity theory
narrowing of social circle to increase positive emotion
socioemotional selectivity theory
sensory information converted to neural impulses
transduction
subliminal stimuli
stimuli below threshold
minimum difference needed to detect differences between stimuli
difference threshold
stimuli must differ by percentage, not set rate to detect a difference
Weber’s Law
sensory that starts with sensory receptors
bottom up
processing that starts in brain
ex. looking for someone
top down
decreased sensitivity to stimuli because of constant exposure
sensory adaptation
decision making about stimuli in presence of noise
signal detection theory
white outer part of eye, helps protect eye
sclera
bends and focuses light waves
cornea
regulates size of pupil
iris
focuses light into an image for retina, changes shape depending on distance of object
lens
begins processing info(eyes)
retina
small area in center of retina with best vision
fovea
responsible for transduction, rods and cones
receptor cells
detects black and white light, good for low light
rods
detect color, requires a lot of light
cones
point in brain where optic nerve fibers divide
optic chiasm
order that visual information is passed after retina
receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, visual cortex
3 types of cones that detect only red, green, blue light
trichromatic theory
lens does not flatten enough
nearsighted
lens does not curve enough
farsighted
color is coded on opponent pairs
opponent process theory
proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, closure, figure ground
gestalt principles of organization
input from both eyes used for depth perception
binocular cues
input from one eye used for depth perception
monocular cues
discrepancy between reality and the pictorial representation of an object
visual illusion
funnel to concentrate sound waves
pinna
eardrum, auditory ossicles(hammer, anvil, stirrup)
middle ear
oval window, cochlea
inner ear
fluid-filled tube in the inner ear, basilar membrane
cochlea
carries neural impulses from ear to brain
auditory nerve
where is the auditory cortex
temporal lobe
one ear used to locate sound
monaural cues
both ears used to locate sound
binaural
difference in intensity of sound waves between the two ears
interaural level distance
small difference in time at which sound waves arrive at either ear
interaural timing difference
awareness of internal and external stimuli
consciousness
small structure in hypothalamus, synchronizes to 24-hour schedule
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Impacts the thalamus and prefrontal cortex
sleep deprovation
stages of sleep
stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage, 2, REM
REM
Rapid Eye Movement
Psychodynamic Theory(dreaming)
wish fulfillment, manifest content, latent content
manifest content
what you see in a dream
latent content
the hidden meaning of a dream
cognitive theory(dream)
way to solve problems and think creatively
Activation-synthesis hypothesis(dream)
Organizing random neural activity
what stage of sleep does sleepwalking happen in
stage 3
what stage of sleep does sleep talking happen in
stage 2
REM sleep behavior disorder(RBD)
muscle paralysis does not occur
happens in REM sleep, Peak from 3-6 years, Stress related
nightmares
arousal and intense fear when sleeping, nonREM sleep, Most common in childhood, Recall little or nothing
night terrors
Uncontrollable sleep attacks, Lapse immediately into REM sleep
narcolepsy
Depressants, stimulants, opioids, hallucinogens
types of psychoactive drugs
