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Psych 107 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

A

Personality

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2
Q

3 structures of personality

A

Id, Superego, Ego

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3
Q

first structure of personality, focused on satisfying basic drives/instincts (sex and aggression), contains most primitive urges and desires, present from birth (not learned) and completely unconscious, pleasure principle: seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain

A

Id

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4
Q

moral branch of personality, what it believes to be right and wrong, does have some contact with reality but it doesn’t consider reality, punishments given by parents at a young age is what helps our it develop

A

Superego

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5
Q

deals with demands of reality, executive branch, operates on the reality of principle, mediates relationship between id and superego, “how can we meet the demands of the id without getting in trouble”

A

Ego

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6
Q

accidentally saying something, something from the unconscious mind comes out in our conscious speech

A

Freudian slip

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7
Q

repression, projection, displacement, sublimation

A

defense mechanisms

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8
Q

underlies all defense mechanisms, pushes unacceptable thoughts back to unconsciousness

A

Repression

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9
Q

attributed to unacceptable impulse of yours onto someone else

A

Projection

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10
Q

take out an unacceptable impulse on someone else, usually taken out on someone less powerful

A

Displacement

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11
Q

turn an unacceptable impulse into something socially acceptable

A

Sublimation

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12
Q

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

A

5 psychosexual stages of development

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13
Q

birth-18 months, pleasure is centered on the mouth(chewing, sucking, biting), over or under gratified you becomes preoccupied with putting things in your mouth

A

Oral

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14
Q

18 months-3 years, process of eliminating waste through the anus, over gratified=too controlling(anal retentive), under gratified=messy and unbothered

A

Anal

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15
Q

3-6 years, focus on genitals, kids understand difference between male and female

A

Phallic

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16
Q

6 years-puberty, intellectual and social skills develop, sexual urges are repressed

A

Latency

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17
Q

Puberty-adulthood, sexual awakening

A

Genital

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18
Q

locked in that stage, if we don’t resolve conflict at one stage we become fixated, can move onto next stage but you bring challenges with you

A

fixation

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19
Q

stage that boys desire to replace their fathers and want mothers all to themselves

A

Oedipus Complex

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20
Q

driven to compensate for feeling inferior, emphasized importance of social connections that we need to meet

A

individual psychology and inferiority complex

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21
Q

sex not important, believed we have collective unconscious as a society

A

archetypes and collective unconscious

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22
Q

universal themes, emotionally laden images and ideas

A

archetypes

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23
Q

first woman trained as a psychoanalyst under Freud, emphasized social factors, pushed back against gender bias

A

Karen Horney

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24
Q

reciprocal determinism, locus of control model, situationism, self-actualization, self-concept

A

self cognitive theory of personality

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25
Q

personality and environment interact, observational learning, self-efficacy, our level of confidence in our own abilities to accomplish a goal or task

A

Bandura’s model of reciprocal determinism

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26
Q

focused on personal control, locus of control, our beliefs about the power we have over our lives, internal locus of control=you control your environment, external locus of control=you are controlled by the environment/external factors

A

Julian Rotter’s locus of control model

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27
Q

proposed that personality varies by context

A

Walter Mischel’s situationism

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28
Q

the motivation to maximize our full potential as a human being, believed this was our highest need

A

Maslow’s self-actualization

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29
Q

all of your thoughts and feelings about yourself, real self vs ideal self

A

Carl Rogers’ self concept

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30
Q

identical twins weather raised together or apart have very similar personalities

A

biological approach to personality

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31
Q

Cardinal, Central, Secondary

A

3 categories of traits to describe personality

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32
Q

trait that dominates your personality

A

Cardinal

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33
Q

usually 5-8 traits that describe our personality

A

Central

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34
Q

preferences and attitudes

A

Secondary

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35
Q

Emotional instability/neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, conscientiousness

A

The Big 5 personality factors

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36
Q

self-report inventories, MMPI-2, Projective tests

A

personality assessments

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37
Q

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, behaviors

A

psychological disorder

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38
Q

interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

A

Biopsychosocial model

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39
Q

excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, related disturbances in behavior

A

anxiety disorder

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40
Q

excessive, distressing, and persistent fear of something specific

A

specific phobia

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41
Q

extreme and persistent fear of social situations

A

social anxiety disorder

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42
Q

recurring sudden onset of intense fear

A

panic disorder

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43
Q

continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless activity

A

generalized anxiety disorder

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44
Q

intrusive, unwanted thoughts(obsessions) that won’t go away that they are worried about and so they will engage in repetitive, ritualistic behavior to prevent what they’re afraid of

A

OCD

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45
Q

preoccupied with a perceived flaw in physical appearance

A

Body dysmorphia disorder

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46
Q

exposure to a traumatic event

A

PTSD

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47
Q

depression without mania

A

Major depressive disorder

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48
Q

more chronic depression with fewer symptoms, 2 years or longer

A

persistent depressive disorder

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49
Q

symptoms of depression only during particular part of the year

A

seasonal pattern depression

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50
Q

alternating between depression and mania

A

bipolar depression

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51
Q

lower functioning in prefrontal cortex, elevated amygdala activity, abnormalities in serotonin and norepinephrine

A

biological causes of mood disorders

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52
Q

major disturbances in thought processes

A

schizophrenia

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53
Q

excess or distortion of normal functions (hallucinations, delusions, abnormal motor behavior)

A

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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54
Q

restriction or loss of normal functions related to schizophrenia

A

negative symptoms

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55
Q

disorganized/incoherent thinking related to schizophrenia

A

cognitive symptoms

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56
Q

abundance of dopamine, enlarged ventricles, small frontal cortex, less frontal lobe activity

A

biological explanations of schizophrenia

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57
Q

combination of bio-genetic predisposition and stress(stressful event triggers schizophrenia)

A

diathesis-stress model

58
Q

sudden loss of memory or change in identity

A

dissociative disorders

59
Q

extreme memory loss

A

dissociative amnesia

60
Q

depersonalization(feeling of an out-of-body experience), derealization(feelings of being in a fog or dream)

A

depersonalization/derealization disorder

61
Q

2 or more distinct personalities

A

dissociative identity disorder

62
Q

chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns, often impairs social functioning

A

personality disorders

63
Q

instability in relationships, mood and self image, impulsive, insecurity, feeling more emotional

A

borderline personality disorder

64
Q

irresponsible, reckless, aggressive individuals, engage in crime/law breaking activity, lack of conscience and show no regard for others

A

antisocial personality disorder

65
Q

helps individuals recognize, define, and overcome psychological difficulties

A

psychotherapy

66
Q

analyzing unconscious thoughts

A

psychoanalytic

67
Q

a person says aloud whatever comes to mind

A

free association

68
Q

occurs when a person transfer emotions form another relationship to the analyst, this can include feelings of love, rage, distrust

A

transference

69
Q

when a person utilizes unconscious strategies that block the therapist from understanding that person’s problems

A

resistance

70
Q

analyst’s suggestions of underlying wishes, feelings and conflicts

A

interpretation

71
Q

therapist interprets the hidden meaning of dreams

A

dream analysis

72
Q

typically used with children, children will utilize toys to play out their hopes, fantasies and traumas and a therapist will use observations to understand the roots of a child’s disturbed behavior

A

play therapy

73
Q

uses concepts of learning to change undesirable behavior

A

behavior therapy

74
Q

patient is exposed to the object or situation that causes their problem

A

exposure therapy

75
Q

undesirable behavior is paired with unpleasant stimulus, therapists can utilize nausea-inducing symptoms, bad tastes and electric shocks to get rid of undesirable behaviors

A

aversive conditioning

76
Q

methods that are designed to reinforce desirable behaviors and punish unwanted behaviors

A

applied behavior analysis

77
Q

behavior modification system in which behaviors are reinforce with tokens that can be traded in for desired rewards

A

token economy

78
Q

attempts to change feelings and behaviors by changing cognition

A

cognitive therapy

79
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy

A
  1. Acknowledge association between thoughts and feelings
  2. pinpoint dysfunctional thoughts
  3. challenge dysfunctional thoughts
  4. substitute in functional thoughts
80
Q

allows clients to analyze how their thoughts affect their behavior

A

cognitive behavioral therapy

81
Q

creates warm and therapeutic relationship through following components

A

client-centered therapy

82
Q

only listening without giving interpretations or pointing client into any directions

A

active listening

83
Q

therapist mirrors client’s feelings back to the client by echoing, reinstating and seeking clarification

A

reflective speech

84
Q

accepting client for who they are and never disapproving of client, creating a warm and caring environment

A

unconditional positive regard

85
Q

therapists think one particular kind of therapy works best

A

single therapy

86
Q

therapists look beyond one form of therapy and see what can be learned form other therapies

A

integrative therapy

87
Q

anti-anxiety drugs

A

calming effect, reduce anxiety by making a person less excitable

88
Q

antidepressant drugs

A

regulate mood

89
Q

reduce responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli, tardive dyskinesia

A

antipsychotic drugs

90
Q

transfer of treatment from inpatient mental hospital to outpatient care

A

deinstitutionalization

91
Q

shock treatment, used to treat severely depressed individuals and useful for short-term treatment of major depression or bipolar depression

A

electrconvulsive therapy

92
Q

magnetic fields stimulate nerve cells in brain

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

93
Q

alters brain’s electrical circuitry

A

deep brain stimulation

94
Q

client and clinician meet one-on-one, typically weekly or every other week

A

individual therapy

95
Q

cost effective therapy with shorter process, provides social context

A

group therapy

96
Q

group therapy with family members

A

family therapy

97
Q

therapy for two people in an intimate relationship

A

couples therapy

98
Q

examines how people impact one another, studies topics in interpersonal and intrapersonal levels

A

social psychology

99
Q

behavior is determined by the situation

A

situationism

100
Q

behavior is determined by internal factors

A

dispositionism

101
Q

traits are more important than situations, when explaining someone else’s actions, overestimate the importance of traits and underestimate the importance of situation

A

Fundamental attribution error

102
Q

belief that positive qualities cluster together

A

halo effect

103
Q

attributing other people’s behavior to internal factors and attributing our own behavior to situational factors

A

actor-observer bias

104
Q

the person’s character caused the event, condition or result

A

internal/external causes

105
Q

causes are difficult to change and unstable causes can be changed

A

stable/unstable causes

106
Q

person can control the cause: cause is beyond person’s control

A

controllable/uncontrollable

107
Q

attribute success to internal factors and failures to external factors

A

self-serving bias

108
Q

belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

A

just-world hypothesis

109
Q

early information weighs more heavily that later information

A

primacy effect

110
Q

negative information is more important than positive information

A

negativity effect

111
Q

pattern of behaviors that is expected of a person in a social situation

A

social roles

112
Q

group’s expectations of what is appropriate behavior for its members

A

social norms

113
Q

person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a social setting

A

scripts

114
Q

acting in a way to present the best qualities of yourself

A

impression management

115
Q

making notes of the impressions you make on others

A

self-monitoring

116
Q

our evaluation of a person idea or an object

A

attitudes

117
Q

(dimension of attitude) involves positive or negative feelings, whether you like or dislike something

A

affective

118
Q

(dimension of attitude) thoughts, beliefs, images aid a person in categorizing, processing, remembering things that they have attitudes about

A

cognitive

119
Q

(dimension of attitude) acting in a way that is consistent with these feelings, how people show their beliefs and evaluate feelings

A

behavioral

120
Q

psychological discomfort when there is conflict between our behaviors and attitudes; whenever people’s behavior conflicts with their attitudes they feel uncomfortable

A

cognitive dissonance theory

121
Q

creating inferences about our attitudes by looking at our behaviors, i’ve spent hours watching movies this year I must like movies

A

Bem’s self-perception theory

122
Q

begin by asking for something small and work up

A

foot-in-the-door

123
Q

ask for something big and work down to something reasonable

A

door-in-the-face

124
Q

the way behavior is influences by others, the lowest amount of social pressure applied

A

conformity

125
Q

conforming to the group norm in order to fit in and be accepted by the group, this is the influence others have on us as we seek their approval or disapproval

A

normative social influence

126
Q

conforming to the group because you believe the group is competent or correct

A

informational social influence

127
Q

focused on the extent of which an individual will obey an authority figure

A

milgram’s classic obedience

128
Q

groups make more risky decisions in comparison to individual decisions

A

risky shift

129
Q

making original group attitude stronger after spending time discussing it

A

group polarization

130
Q

the concept of people in a group reinforcing one another and seeking concurrence and group cohesiveness rather than analyzing choices and reasoning

A

groupthink

131
Q

performance improves in the presence of others, we perform at out best when we know we are being watched

A

social facilitation

132
Q

a person exerts less effort in a group

A

social loafing

133
Q

being in a group leads to feeling of anonymity and leads to a sense of decrease in accountability

A

deindividuation

134
Q

actions directed against a group member

A

discrimination

135
Q

the way in which er define ourselves in relation to group membership

A

social identity

136
Q

we associate with a certain group and contrast ourselves with others

A

social identity theory

137
Q

preferences for the group you are in over other groups

A

in-group bias

138
Q

motivated by feelings of anger with the intent to inflict pain

A

hostile

139
Q

motivated by reaching a goal but does not necessarily involve the intention of inflicting pain

A

instrumental

140
Q

unselfish interest in helping others; you help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of providing said help

A

altruism

141
Q

the tendency for a bystander to be less likely to help of others are present

A

bystander effect

142
Q

giving to another person to ensure reciprocity

A

egoism

Psych 107 (2 decks)

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