exam 4 Flashcards
Long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
Personality
3 structures of personality
Id, Superego, Ego
first structure of personality, focused on satisfying basic drives/instincts (sex and aggression), contains most primitive urges and desires, present from birth (not learned) and completely unconscious, pleasure principle: seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
Id
moral branch of personality, what it believes to be right and wrong, does have some contact with reality but it doesn’t consider reality, punishments given by parents at a young age is what helps our it develop
Superego
deals with demands of reality, executive branch, operates on the reality of principle, mediates relationship between id and superego, “how can we meet the demands of the id without getting in trouble”
Ego
accidentally saying something, something from the unconscious mind comes out in our conscious speech
Freudian slip
repression, projection, displacement, sublimation
defense mechanisms
underlies all defense mechanisms, pushes unacceptable thoughts back to unconsciousness
Repression
attributed to unacceptable impulse of yours onto someone else
Projection
take out an unacceptable impulse on someone else, usually taken out on someone less powerful
Displacement
turn an unacceptable impulse into something socially acceptable
Sublimation
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
5 psychosexual stages of development
birth-18 months, pleasure is centered on the mouth(chewing, sucking, biting), over or under gratified you becomes preoccupied with putting things in your mouth
Oral
18 months-3 years, process of eliminating waste through the anus, over gratified=too controlling(anal retentive), under gratified=messy and unbothered
Anal
3-6 years, focus on genitals, kids understand difference between male and female
Phallic
6 years-puberty, intellectual and social skills develop, sexual urges are repressed
Latency
Puberty-adulthood, sexual awakening
Genital
locked in that stage, if we don’t resolve conflict at one stage we become fixated, can move onto next stage but you bring challenges with you
fixation
stage that boys desire to replace their fathers and want mothers all to themselves
Oedipus Complex
driven to compensate for feeling inferior, emphasized importance of social connections that we need to meet
individual psychology and inferiority complex
sex not important, believed we have collective unconscious as a society
archetypes and collective unconscious
universal themes, emotionally laden images and ideas
archetypes
first woman trained as a psychoanalyst under Freud, emphasized social factors, pushed back against gender bias
Karen Horney
reciprocal determinism, locus of control model, situationism, self-actualization, self-concept
self cognitive theory of personality
personality and environment interact, observational learning, self-efficacy, our level of confidence in our own abilities to accomplish a goal or task
Bandura’s model of reciprocal determinism
focused on personal control, locus of control, our beliefs about the power we have over our lives, internal locus of control=you control your environment, external locus of control=you are controlled by the environment/external factors
Julian Rotter’s locus of control model
proposed that personality varies by context
Walter Mischel’s situationism
the motivation to maximize our full potential as a human being, believed this was our highest need
Maslow’s self-actualization
all of your thoughts and feelings about yourself, real self vs ideal self
Carl Rogers’ self concept
identical twins weather raised together or apart have very similar personalities
biological approach to personality
Cardinal, Central, Secondary
3 categories of traits to describe personality
trait that dominates your personality
Cardinal
usually 5-8 traits that describe our personality
Central
preferences and attitudes
Secondary
Emotional instability/neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, conscientiousness
The Big 5 personality factors
self-report inventories, MMPI-2, Projective tests
personality assessments
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, behaviors
psychological disorder
interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Biopsychosocial model
excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, related disturbances in behavior
anxiety disorder
excessive, distressing, and persistent fear of something specific
specific phobia
extreme and persistent fear of social situations
social anxiety disorder
recurring sudden onset of intense fear
panic disorder
continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless activity
generalized anxiety disorder
intrusive, unwanted thoughts(obsessions) that won’t go away that they are worried about and so they will engage in repetitive, ritualistic behavior to prevent what they’re afraid of
OCD
preoccupied with a perceived flaw in physical appearance
Body dysmorphia disorder
exposure to a traumatic event
PTSD
depression without mania
Major depressive disorder
more chronic depression with fewer symptoms, 2 years or longer
persistent depressive disorder
symptoms of depression only during particular part of the year
seasonal pattern depression
alternating between depression and mania
bipolar depression
lower functioning in prefrontal cortex, elevated amygdala activity, abnormalities in serotonin and norepinephrine
biological causes of mood disorders
major disturbances in thought processes
schizophrenia
excess or distortion of normal functions (hallucinations, delusions, abnormal motor behavior)
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
restriction or loss of normal functions related to schizophrenia
negative symptoms
disorganized/incoherent thinking related to schizophrenia
cognitive symptoms
abundance of dopamine, enlarged ventricles, small frontal cortex, less frontal lobe activity
biological explanations of schizophrenia
combination of bio-genetic predisposition and stress(stressful event triggers schizophrenia)
diathesis-stress model
sudden loss of memory or change in identity
dissociative disorders
extreme memory loss
dissociative amnesia
depersonalization(feeling of an out-of-body experience), derealization(feelings of being in a fog or dream)
depersonalization/derealization disorder
2 or more distinct personalities
dissociative identity disorder
chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns, often impairs social functioning
personality disorders
instability in relationships, mood and self image, impulsive, insecurity, feeling more emotional
borderline personality disorder
irresponsible, reckless, aggressive individuals, engage in crime/law breaking activity, lack of conscience and show no regard for others
antisocial personality disorder
helps individuals recognize, define, and overcome psychological difficulties
psychotherapy
analyzing unconscious thoughts
psychoanalytic
a person says aloud whatever comes to mind
free association
occurs when a person transfer emotions form another relationship to the analyst, this can include feelings of love, rage, distrust
transference
when a person utilizes unconscious strategies that block the therapist from understanding that person’s problems
resistance
analyst’s suggestions of underlying wishes, feelings and conflicts
interpretation
therapist interprets the hidden meaning of dreams
dream analysis
typically used with children, children will utilize toys to play out their hopes, fantasies and traumas and a therapist will use observations to understand the roots of a child’s disturbed behavior
play therapy
uses concepts of learning to change undesirable behavior
behavior therapy
patient is exposed to the object or situation that causes their problem
exposure therapy
undesirable behavior is paired with unpleasant stimulus, therapists can utilize nausea-inducing symptoms, bad tastes and electric shocks to get rid of undesirable behaviors
aversive conditioning
methods that are designed to reinforce desirable behaviors and punish unwanted behaviors
applied behavior analysis
behavior modification system in which behaviors are reinforce with tokens that can be traded in for desired rewards
token economy
attempts to change feelings and behaviors by changing cognition
cognitive therapy
Beck’s cognitive therapy
- Acknowledge association between thoughts and feelings
- pinpoint dysfunctional thoughts
- challenge dysfunctional thoughts
- substitute in functional thoughts
allows clients to analyze how their thoughts affect their behavior
cognitive behavioral therapy
creates warm and therapeutic relationship through following components
client-centered therapy
only listening without giving interpretations or pointing client into any directions
active listening
therapist mirrors client’s feelings back to the client by echoing, reinstating and seeking clarification
reflective speech
accepting client for who they are and never disapproving of client, creating a warm and caring environment
unconditional positive regard
therapists think one particular kind of therapy works best
single therapy
therapists look beyond one form of therapy and see what can be learned form other therapies
integrative therapy
anti-anxiety drugs
calming effect, reduce anxiety by making a person less excitable
antidepressant drugs
regulate mood
reduce responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli, tardive dyskinesia
antipsychotic drugs
transfer of treatment from inpatient mental hospital to outpatient care
deinstitutionalization
shock treatment, used to treat severely depressed individuals and useful for short-term treatment of major depression or bipolar depression
electrconvulsive therapy
magnetic fields stimulate nerve cells in brain
transcranial magnetic stimulation
alters brain’s electrical circuitry
deep brain stimulation
client and clinician meet one-on-one, typically weekly or every other week
individual therapy
cost effective therapy with shorter process, provides social context
group therapy
group therapy with family members
family therapy
therapy for two people in an intimate relationship
couples therapy
examines how people impact one another, studies topics in interpersonal and intrapersonal levels
social psychology
behavior is determined by the situation
situationism
behavior is determined by internal factors
dispositionism
traits are more important than situations, when explaining someone else’s actions, overestimate the importance of traits and underestimate the importance of situation
Fundamental attribution error
belief that positive qualities cluster together
halo effect
attributing other people’s behavior to internal factors and attributing our own behavior to situational factors
actor-observer bias
the person’s character caused the event, condition or result
internal/external causes
causes are difficult to change and unstable causes can be changed
stable/unstable causes
person can control the cause: cause is beyond person’s control
controllable/uncontrollable
attribute success to internal factors and failures to external factors
self-serving bias
belief that people get the outcomes they deserve
just-world hypothesis
early information weighs more heavily that later information
primacy effect
negative information is more important than positive information
negativity effect
pattern of behaviors that is expected of a person in a social situation
social roles
group’s expectations of what is appropriate behavior for its members
social norms
person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a social setting
scripts
acting in a way to present the best qualities of yourself
impression management
making notes of the impressions you make on others
self-monitoring
our evaluation of a person idea or an object
attitudes
(dimension of attitude) involves positive or negative feelings, whether you like or dislike something
affective
(dimension of attitude) thoughts, beliefs, images aid a person in categorizing, processing, remembering things that they have attitudes about
cognitive
(dimension of attitude) acting in a way that is consistent with these feelings, how people show their beliefs and evaluate feelings
behavioral
psychological discomfort when there is conflict between our behaviors and attitudes; whenever people’s behavior conflicts with their attitudes they feel uncomfortable
cognitive dissonance theory
creating inferences about our attitudes by looking at our behaviors, i’ve spent hours watching movies this year I must like movies
Bem’s self-perception theory
begin by asking for something small and work up
foot-in-the-door
ask for something big and work down to something reasonable
door-in-the-face
the way behavior is influences by others, the lowest amount of social pressure applied
conformity
conforming to the group norm in order to fit in and be accepted by the group, this is the influence others have on us as we seek their approval or disapproval
normative social influence
conforming to the group because you believe the group is competent or correct
informational social influence
focused on the extent of which an individual will obey an authority figure
milgram’s classic obedience
groups make more risky decisions in comparison to individual decisions
risky shift
making original group attitude stronger after spending time discussing it
group polarization
the concept of people in a group reinforcing one another and seeking concurrence and group cohesiveness rather than analyzing choices and reasoning
groupthink
performance improves in the presence of others, we perform at out best when we know we are being watched
social facilitation
a person exerts less effort in a group
social loafing
being in a group leads to feeling of anonymity and leads to a sense of decrease in accountability
deindividuation
actions directed against a group member
discrimination
the way in which er define ourselves in relation to group membership
social identity
we associate with a certain group and contrast ourselves with others
social identity theory
preferences for the group you are in over other groups
in-group bias
motivated by feelings of anger with the intent to inflict pain
hostile
motivated by reaching a goal but does not necessarily involve the intention of inflicting pain
instrumental
unselfish interest in helping others; you help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of providing said help
altruism
the tendency for a bystander to be less likely to help of others are present
bystander effect
giving to another person to ensure reciprocity
egoism
