Psych 101 Ch 1 Flashcards
Psychology
The scientific study of the mind and behavior
Who was H.M.?
A man who was in a bike accident and they removed his hippocampus, so he couldn’t form long-term memories
Anterograde Amnesia
Can’t form new memories
Retrograde Amnesia
Can’t remember past memories
Who was Plato?
Nativism- certain information is simply born with
Who was Aristotle?
Unsubscribed tablet –> tabula rasa –> blank slate
Empiricism- all knowledge is acquired through experience (language)
Who was Genie Wiley?
The child was kept in secret and was severely mistreated. Led to a lack of brain development, such as language and grammar
Franz Joseph Gall
Felt for bumps on the head
Phrenology- scientific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain/skull
Paul Broca
Damage to this location causes impairment in language output, but not comprehension
Wilhem Wundt
Consciousness- a person’s subjective experience of the world and mind
Structuralism- the basic elements/ processes that make up our mind
Introspective- the subjective observation of one’s own experience
William James
Functionalism- the study of the purpose that mental processes serve as the function of these processes, enables us to adapt to our environment, solve problems, increase chances of survival
Charles Darwin
Natural Selection- the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed onto subsequent generations
Jean Marie Charcot and Pierre Janet
Hysteria- a temporary loss of a cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences
Multiple conscious “selves”
Sigmund Freud was Charcot’s student
Sigmund Freud
Believed you needed to be vulnerable for truth to come out
Unconscious- part of mind operating outside our awareness, but still influences us
Psychoanalysis- bring the unconscious into conscious awareness, trauma we don’t remember, you do not forget trauma, extreme case to dissociate
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Humanistic Psychologist- focus on the positive potential of humans, on the highest aspirations
Therapist and client are on equal footing
John Watson
Behaviorism- learning based on that behaviors are acquired through conditioning/interacting with the environment
Science- replicable
objective measures observable by others
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov’s Dogs- the dogs salivated at the sound of a tone, since they were exposed to a tone prior to delivering food to hungry dogs
B.F Skinner
Animals learn by interacting with the environment
Reinforcement/Consequence- the consequence of your behavior will determine whether or not you do it again
Can shape any behavior with reinforcement
Questioned free-will
Gestalt Psychology
Illusions- errors of perception memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality
A psychological approach that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
Anxiety is the illusion of a threat
Sir Frederick Bartlett
People remember how a story should end rather than how it actually did end
Memory is influenced by our minds (hopes/aspirations, etc) rather than a photographic representation of actual events
Advent of Computers
Model for human mind (register/ store info)
Information processing systems
Karl Lashley
Removed part of rat brains (observed deficits) harder to function with less brain
Behavioral neuroscience- behavior connects with parts of the brain) (part of brain lights up)
Cognitive neuroscience- link cognitive processes, think= certain brain parts light up)
Non-invasive “brain-scanning” during mental activity (PET scan, fMRI)
John Garcia
Our ancestors’ learning histories influence our learning
Rats learn to avoid the food even though they lack experience. We inherit knowledge from our ancestors
Evolutionary Psychology
Explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
Norman Triplett
Cyclists rode faster with peers
Our behavior is influenced by the presence of others
Social Psychology- studies the causes and consequences of personal behaviors
Cultural Psychology
Culture- the values, traditions and beliefs that are shared by a particular group of people
The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members
Absolutism v relativism
Margaret Mead
Anthropologist
Traveled too far regions to study cultural differences in behavior and practices
