Psych 100 - Final Exam Cards Flashcards
Struggling to develop a committed, loving relationship. The challenge from Erik Erikson’s Developmental Model that they are facing is:
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Strange situation
Laboratory test to determine the attachment style of an infant to primary caregiver.
Ambivalent attachment style
10% of infants are classified to consistently show extreme distress to strangers when left by their attachment figure.
Which of the parenting behaviours is most likely performed by an authoritative parent?
Induction - setting clear limits, remind children of the rules and discuss with them the reasons for socially-appropriate behavior.
What age do humans develop self recognition?
18 months
Which of the following do children achieve in the pre operational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development model?
Understanding symbols
True or False: for the majority of adults, their romantic attachment style is consistent with their infant attachment style
True
Which of the following would show the least differences, between younger and older adults, in performance? Working memory task or recognition memory task?
Recognition memory task
Fundamental Attribution Error
Occurs when we make generalizations about people without looking deeper into the underlying factors that may further explain the reasons for the behaviour.
Easy to assume that life circumstances are based on poor-decision making, but there are other contributing circumstances that need to be examined.
Keywords - putting judgements aside
High trait neuroticism
Negative life perception, ordinary stressors are highly stressful. External locus of control
Authoritative parenting
Teaches child to predict that when they have a need, that need will be attended to.
Similar to operant conditioning, when a rat has been conditioned to learn that by pressing a bar, food will be dispensed, a child will learn that when they cry, their need will be met.
Authoritarian parenting
Trains the child to recognize that their parent will respond intermittently, or not at all.
Child can predict that their parent response time is low, and the child learns that the parent is unreliable with their responses.
Habituation
Occurs when an organism (eg. infant) is exposed to a stimulus multiple times.
Dishabituation - when first introduced, the infant spends a long time looking at the object. When another object is interchanged, the infant spends a longer time looking at the this object than when it was interchanged with the first.
Babies can differentiate between the first stimulus and the second, based on the viewing times.
Keywords - toy exposure in infants
Theory of Mind
Ability to infer and understand another’s beliefs, thoughts, intentions, and feelings of another, and use this info to explain and predict behaviour.
Male puberty at an early age risk factors
At risk for drug and alcohol use, and other maladaptive behaviours earlier like irresponsible sexual activity, and school absences.
Female puberty at an early age risk factors
At risk for targeting and bullying. As a result, they have issues with emotional instability, and low self-esteem. Higher risk for depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
Neurobiological factor underlying dementia
Neurotransmitter acetylcholine - contributes to reduced brain functioning.
Neurons can no longer transmit information, and the aging brain has significantly decreased ability.
Phoneme
A single unit of sound.
All phonemes are recognizable under 10 months of age.
Only able to identify phonemes from their first language after the age of 10 months.
Demonstrates that language is initially innate, but that it is also a learned skill.
How is gossip related to the social brain hypothesis?
Robin Dunbar studied monkeys, and concluded that gossip is to people, what grooming is to primates.
To expand our ingroups, we gossip to promote bonding within the group.
Dunbar illustrated that those living in larger in-groups have a large neocortex, which is responsible for more sophisticated thinking.
Linguistic intergroup bias
States that if we do anything detrimental outside of our ingroup, we have deviated from the groups’ norm.
On the contrary, if an outgroup member acts in a way that is beneficial, that is considered an anomaly.
*Ingroups are characterized by members who are beneficial to the group.
*Outgroups are perceived by ingroup members as detrimental to the group.
Linguistic relativity hypothesis - aka Sapir Whorf hypothesis
If a certain type of language use is repeated by a large number of people in a community, it can potentially have a significant effect on their thoughts and action.
Eg. Inuit tribe has many different terms for snow.
Language acquisition device - universal grammar
A term used to describe the many complex steps that occur when a child learns language.
Chomsky
Learning a second language at an earlier age does what to gray matter in the brain?
Children build a higher level of density of grey matter if they learn second language at an earlier age.
Once child learns the second language at a later age, they will continue to build grey matter, but it will be with less density.
The older the child is when they learn the second language, the more negatively correlated the age is with the grey matter density.
Category vs concept
Category - a collection of items that we value as equal.
Concept - our internal representation that we form of categories.
Prototype theory
We mentally delegate items that fit into the overall category.
Exemplar theory - as opposed to prototype theory
Our categorization depends on examples (exemplar) drawn from our own life experiences.
We refer to a “catalogue” of mental pictures to categorize, instead of simply delegating as in the prototype theory.
Heuristics
Mental shortcut used when making complex decisions.
How are stereotypes reinforced by confirmation bias?
Accumulated knowledge interferes with ability to rely on facts.
Salience
When some stimuli (e.g., those that are colourful, moving, or unexpected) grab our attention, making them more likely to be remembered.
Base judgments on a single salient event while we ignore hundreds of other equally informative events that we do not see.
Iconic memory
Iconic memory - the visual sensory memory register pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information.
Component of the visual memory system that includes visual short-term memory and long-term memory
Keywords - when someone is iconic we remember them visually - Audrey Hepburn
Iconic memory and George Sperling’s experiments
First experiment - participants shown a random display of letters with each display lasting 1/20th of a second. After first experiment, participants could recall 1/4 of the letters that they had seen in brief displays.
Second experiment - participants shown displays, and then asked immediately afterwards to recall one line. Sperling concluded that if the recall task was minimal, the participants could recall the row.
Confirmed the presence of iconic memory.
Iconic memory example
Outside on a dark, rainy night. Suddenly your surroundings are lit up by a flash of lightning.
The fleeting image you saw under the brief glow, which you could subsequently recall, is an example of iconic memory.
Short-term memory
Never stored permanently. Can be kept temporarily, but the duration is typically less than one minute.
Chunking can be used to expand our capacity of STM. When we chunk into smaller, more manageable groups, we can increase the number of items that can be held in STM.
Episodic memory example
My first date with my partner
Semantic memory example
Vancouver is a province in BC
Schema example
Mellissa is reliable and kind. She always makes time for me.
Flashbulb memory
The day that we realized that our city, and other parts of the world would be shutting down due to COVID.
Context-dependent learning
Context-dependent learning occurs when we learn information in the same setting that we plan to retrieve it.
State-dependent learning
State-dependent learning happens when we are in the same physiological state to retrieve the information, as when we learn the information.
Those who are bilingual have a higher success rate of retrieving the information if they learn and report the new information in the same language that they learned it.
Serial position curve
“U”-shaped learning curve that is normally obtained while recalling a list of words due to the greater accuracy of recall of words from the beginning and end of the list than words from the middle of the list.
Retroactive interference
Occurs when you forget a previously learnt task due to the learning of a new task.
Later learning interferes with earlier learning - where new memories disrupt old memories. (retro=backward).
Eg. a musician might learn a new piece, only to find that the new song makes it more difficult to recall an older, previously learned piece.
Proactive interference
Occurs when you cannot learn a new task because of an old task that had been learnt.
When what we already know interferes with what we are currently learning – where old memories disrupt new memories.
(pro=forward)
Example: learning to play audition piece the wrong way, and then relearning the piece in the correct way. Easy to slip back into playing it the way I had originally learned it.
Keyword - UVic audition
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
Memory drops off rapidly at first, but then levels off after time.
Which of the following does not fall under the umbrella of sensory memory?
A. Eidetic imagery
B. Echoic memory
C. Episodic memory
D. Iconic memory
Episodic memory
Sensory memory includes: iconic, episodic, echoic, and then translated into short-term and long-term memory.
Which is not a component of working memory?
A. Short-term memory
B. Phonological loop
C. Episodic buffer
D. The central executive
A - short-term memory
