Psych 100 - Final Exam Cards Flashcards
Struggling to develop a committed, loving relationship. The challenge from Erik Erikson’s Developmental Model that they are facing is:
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Strange situation
Laboratory test to determine the attachment style of an infant to primary caregiver.
Ambivalent attachment style
10% of infants are classified to consistently show extreme distress to strangers when left by their attachment figure.
Which of the parenting behaviours is most likely performed by an authoritative parent?
Induction - setting clear limits, remind children of the rules and discuss with them the reasons for socially-appropriate behavior.
What age do humans develop self recognition?
18 months
Which of the following do children achieve in the pre operational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development model?
Understanding symbols
True or False: for the majority of adults, their romantic attachment style is consistent with their infant attachment style
True
Which of the following would show the least differences, between younger and older adults, in performance? Working memory task or recognition memory task?
Recognition memory task
Fundamental Attribution Error
Occurs when we make generalizations about people without looking deeper into the underlying factors that may further explain the reasons for the behaviour.
Easy to assume that life circumstances are based on poor-decision making, but there are other contributing circumstances that need to be examined.
Keywords - putting judgements aside
High trait neuroticism
Negative life perception, ordinary stressors are highly stressful. External locus of control
Authoritative parenting
Teaches child to predict that when they have a need, that need will be attended to.
Similar to operant conditioning, when a rat has been conditioned to learn that by pressing a bar, food will be dispensed, a child will learn that when they cry, their need will be met.
Authoritarian parenting
Trains the child to recognize that their parent will respond intermittently, or not at all.
Child can predict that their parent response time is low, and the child learns that the parent is unreliable with their responses.
Habituation
Occurs when an organism (eg. infant) is exposed to a stimulus multiple times.
Dishabituation - when first introduced, the infant spends a long time looking at the object. When another object is interchanged, the infant spends a longer time looking at the this object than when it was interchanged with the first.
Babies can differentiate between the first stimulus and the second, based on the viewing times.
Keywords - toy exposure in infants
Theory of Mind
Ability to infer and understand another’s beliefs, thoughts, intentions, and feelings of another, and use this info to explain and predict behaviour.
Male puberty at an early age risk factors
At risk for drug and alcohol use, and other maladaptive behaviours earlier like irresponsible sexual activity, and school absences.
Female puberty at an early age risk factors
At risk for targeting and bullying. As a result, they have issues with emotional instability, and low self-esteem. Higher risk for depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
Neurobiological factor underlying dementia
Neurotransmitter acetylcholine - contributes to reduced brain functioning.
Neurons can no longer transmit information, and the aging brain has significantly decreased ability.
Phoneme
A single unit of sound.
All phonemes are recognizable under 10 months of age.
Only able to identify phonemes from their first language after the age of 10 months.
Demonstrates that language is initially innate, but that it is also a learned skill.
How is gossip related to the social brain hypothesis?
Robin Dunbar studied monkeys, and concluded that gossip is to people, what grooming is to primates.
To expand our ingroups, we gossip to promote bonding within the group.
Dunbar illustrated that those living in larger in-groups have a large neocortex, which is responsible for more sophisticated thinking.
Linguistic intergroup bias
States that if we do anything detrimental outside of our ingroup, we have deviated from the groups’ norm.
On the contrary, if an outgroup member acts in a way that is beneficial, that is considered an anomaly.
*Ingroups are characterized by members who are beneficial to the group.
*Outgroups are perceived by ingroup members as detrimental to the group.
Linguistic relativity hypothesis - aka Sapir Whorf hypothesis
If a certain type of language use is repeated by a large number of people in a community, it can potentially have a significant effect on their thoughts and action.
Eg. Inuit tribe has many different terms for snow.
Language acquisition device - universal grammar
A term used to describe the many complex steps that occur when a child learns language.
Chomsky
Learning a second language at an earlier age does what to gray matter in the brain?
Children build a higher level of density of grey matter if they learn second language at an earlier age.
Once child learns the second language at a later age, they will continue to build grey matter, but it will be with less density.
The older the child is when they learn the second language, the more negatively correlated the age is with the grey matter density.
Category vs concept
Category - a collection of items that we value as equal.
Concept - our internal representation that we form of categories.
Prototype theory
We mentally delegate items that fit into the overall category.
Exemplar theory - as opposed to prototype theory
Our categorization depends on examples (exemplar) drawn from our own life experiences.
We refer to a “catalogue” of mental pictures to categorize, instead of simply delegating as in the prototype theory.
Heuristics
Mental shortcut used when making complex decisions.
How are stereotypes reinforced by confirmation bias?
Accumulated knowledge interferes with ability to rely on facts.
Salience
When some stimuli (e.g., those that are colourful, moving, or unexpected) grab our attention, making them more likely to be remembered.
Base judgments on a single salient event while we ignore hundreds of other equally informative events that we do not see.
Iconic memory
Iconic memory - the visual sensory memory register pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information.
Component of the visual memory system that includes visual short-term memory and long-term memory
Keywords - when someone is iconic we remember them visually - Audrey Hepburn
Iconic memory and George Sperling’s experiments
First experiment - participants shown a random display of letters with each display lasting 1/20th of a second. After first experiment, participants could recall 1/4 of the letters that they had seen in brief displays.
Second experiment - participants shown displays, and then asked immediately afterwards to recall one line. Sperling concluded that if the recall task was minimal, the participants could recall the row.
Confirmed the presence of iconic memory.
Iconic memory example
Outside on a dark, rainy night. Suddenly your surroundings are lit up by a flash of lightning.
The fleeting image you saw under the brief glow, which you could subsequently recall, is an example of iconic memory.
Short-term memory
Never stored permanently. Can be kept temporarily, but the duration is typically less than one minute.
Chunking can be used to expand our capacity of STM. When we chunk into smaller, more manageable groups, we can increase the number of items that can be held in STM.
Episodic memory example
My first date with my partner
Semantic memory example
Vancouver is a province in BC
Schema example
Mellissa is reliable and kind. She always makes time for me.
Flashbulb memory
The day that we realized that our city, and other parts of the world would be shutting down due to COVID.
Context-dependent learning
Context-dependent learning occurs when we learn information in the same setting that we plan to retrieve it.
State-dependent learning
State-dependent learning happens when we are in the same physiological state to retrieve the information, as when we learn the information.
Those who are bilingual have a higher success rate of retrieving the information if they learn and report the new information in the same language that they learned it.
Serial position curve
“U”-shaped learning curve that is normally obtained while recalling a list of words due to the greater accuracy of recall of words from the beginning and end of the list than words from the middle of the list.
Retroactive interference
Occurs when you forget a previously learnt task due to the learning of a new task.
Later learning interferes with earlier learning - where new memories disrupt old memories. (retro=backward).
Eg. a musician might learn a new piece, only to find that the new song makes it more difficult to recall an older, previously learned piece.
Proactive interference
Occurs when you cannot learn a new task because of an old task that had been learnt.
When what we already know interferes with what we are currently learning – where old memories disrupt new memories.
(pro=forward)
Example: learning to play audition piece the wrong way, and then relearning the piece in the correct way. Easy to slip back into playing it the way I had originally learned it.
Keyword - UVic audition
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
Memory drops off rapidly at first, but then levels off after time.
Which of the following does not fall under the umbrella of sensory memory?
A. Eidetic imagery
B. Echoic memory
C. Episodic memory
D. Iconic memory
Episodic memory
Sensory memory includes: iconic, episodic, echoic, and then translated into short-term and long-term memory.
Which is not a component of working memory?
A. Short-term memory
B. Phonological loop
C. Episodic buffer
D. The central executive
A - short-term memory
Which of the following factors describes how long memory is organized?
A. The capacity for information
B. The level of conscious awareness
C. The amount of rehearsal required for retention
D. The length of time the information is held
B - The level of conscious awareness
A synonym for declarative memory is:
A. Explicit memory
B. Recall memory
C. Implicit memory
D. The central executive
A - explicit memory
True or false: performance on recognition memory tests and recall memory tests are positively correlated.
True
Creating meaningful connections to material we want to learn is an example of:
A. Flashbulb memory
B. Schemas
C. Self-reference effect
D. Elaborative encoding
D - elaborative encoding
Most important neurotransmitter for memory
Glutamate
Someone suffering from anterograde amnesia likely has damage to which part of the brain?
A. Amygdala
B. Hypothalamus
C. Prefrontal cortex
D. Hippocampus
D - hippocampus
Who is most likely to make a source monitoring error?
A. Adult woman
B. Teenager
C. Senior citizen
D. Adult man
C - senior citizen
A mental representation of a category is called:
Concept
An atypical item will be judged a category item
A. All of the above
B. None of the above
C. More easily
D. More quickly
E. More frequently
B. None of the above
Which of the following is a hypothesis about category typicality?
A. Prototype theory
B. Borderline theory
C. Family resemblance theory
C. Family resemblance theory
Helena is incorrectly convinced that she has a high likelihood of being mugged walking downtown because she has heard stories about crime. This describes which heuristic?
Availability
Which of the following cognitive processes accounts for silver medal winner’s dissatisfaction?
A. Hindsight bias
B. Functional fixedness
C. Counterfactual thinking
D. Confirmation bias
C. Counterfactual thinking
Which of the following do children achieve in the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive development model?
A. Abstract logic
B. Object permanence
C. Understanding symbols
D. Conservation
C. Understanding symbols
Which of the following would show the least age differences, between young and older adults, in performance?
A. Working memory task
B. Inhibitory functioning task
C. Reaction time task
D. Recognition memory task
D. Recognition memory task
Strings of sounds composing the smallest unit of meaning.
Morpheme
The key challenge in young adulthood: learning to give and receive love.
Intimacy vs isolation
Drinking coffee right before your exam to enhance memory retrieval because you were caffeinated while studying describes this memory enhancing technique.
State-dependent retrieval
The hypothesis that language evolved to enable more efficient human bonding from a distance.
Social brain hypothesis
At 3-6 years of age, Freud theorized pleasure is directed to the genitals at this stage and children develop desire for their opposite-sex parent
Phallic
A birth metric that is related to in utero exposures
Birth weight or premature birth
Meaning the correct mixture that babies are born with that develops into personality
Temperament
The physical changes to the structure of the neurons in the brain in correspondence with long term memory formation
Long-term potentiation
A set of knowledge that the speaker and listener share that is implied and underlying a conversation
Common ground
The third stage of Piaget’s cognitive development model in which children master conservation (something stays the same even though it is in a different container)
Concrete operational
In the first 2-3 months of life babies acquire this skill that allows them to know people and objects still exist even when they cannot be perceived.
Object permanence
Callous, unemotional traits would best be described as a very low score on which of the Big Five?
Neuroticism
Type of memory loss that occurs with damage to the hippocampus preventing conversion of short term to long term memory
Anterograde amnesia - 50 first dates
A critical period (of plasticity)
Language does not develop properly and to full grammatical capacity in humans that are not exposed to language as infants/children, supporting that there is a developmental window for language acquisition.
Eg. case study in book of child that was abused and no exposure to language. Child later had little language ability.
Ego integrity vs. despair
The challenge of late adulthood to develop a positive narrative and acceptance of the life that was lived.
Four areas of the brain in newborn babies that are active and mature and necessary for reflexes.
Primary sensory, primary motor, thalamus, and brainstem
The defining traits in a personality profile will be the traits in which a person scores, relative to others, at which part of the continuous distribution (histogram)?
Outliers - extremes (really high or low). Distribution will only be in the outliers.
The location of the brain involved with implicit, procedural memory.
Cerebellum - sits above brainstem
The name of the new adaptation, evolved in discontinuous fashion, that humans suddenly acquired according to Chomsky.
Language acquisition device or universal grammar
Moratorium status
The stage of identity development in which the individual is exploring various choices, but has not yet made a clear commitment to any of them.
Attempting alternative roles before making permanent identity decisions.
Eg. being raised Catholic, but attending different churches to try out different religions.
Keyword - Catholic
Pruning the connections that are not used, and maintenance of connections that are used.
Activity dependent neuroplasticity
A combination of extreme scores on these two traits would associate with a preference for socializing with only one or two other close attachment figures.
Low extraversion, high agreeableness OR low extraversion, high neuroticism
The location where short term memory converts to long term memory
Hippocampus - the brain’s library
The brain area where damage will result in problems with speech production.
Broca’s area
The heuristic in which we overestimate the likelihood that a person is in a category because they resemble the prototype.
Representativeness
Attachment theory
The theory predicting that our models of self and others are shaped by early interactions with our primary caregivers.
The Id
In Freud’s theory, this is the completely unconscious part of the self holding our libido and animal instincts.
Age at which infants demonstrate stranger anxiety
6-8 months
Zone of proximal development
In sociocultural theory of development, this is the material that can be learned with the help and scaffolding of more competent others.
Keywords - Never go under the scaffolding because it’s a dangerous ZONE.
This brain area continues to mature into the early 20s, it’s connections being pruned for more efficient processing.
Prefrontal cortex
The pruning of these connections is called: activity dependent neuroplasticity.
This area of the brain is activated by salience and important for directing attention to potential threats.
Amygdala
The cognitive process where you overthink the events and circumstances that led up to you just missing the due date for your final paper by 10 minutes, leading to a drop in score.
Counterfactual thinking
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Older adults are motivated by shorter time horizons to regulate their emotions and prioritize positive, meaningful relationships.
If I have only a short time left to live, and I want to maintain my socioemotional state, I will be selective with my relationships.
The age at which humans can label gender and sort objects into gender categories
Two years
The strongest predictor of violence in terms of qualities of countries
Socioeconomic inequality
Factor analysis - personality testing
A statistical technique to identify small numbers of dimensions that account for a diversity of words/items.
Used to create personality models.
Factor analysis is used to identify “factors” that explain a variety of results on different tests.
Eg. intelligence research found that people who get a high score on a test of verbal ability are also good on other tests that require verbal abilities.
The age range in which you can establish an attachment style of a human in the laboratory with the strange situation.
12-18 months
Differential susceptibility (also biological sensitivity to context)
The theory that some individuals are biologically more sensitive to the surrounding environment, and will suffer more in adversity, but also benefit more from enrichment.
Fundamental attribution error
The bias to attribute the behaviour of others to internal qualities rather than contextual circumstances.
This area of the brain involved in sensory relay, and shows substantial atrophy in Korsakoff’s syndrome.
Thalamus
Categorical perception of speech sounds
Speakers of one language cannot hear the difference between phonemes that are only relevant to another language.
Ability to recognize all phonemes in human language is lost by the age of:
10 months
Able is an example of:
A. a phoneme
B. a morpheme
B. a morpheme
Which of the following is not an example of the level of language use?
A. Audience design
B. Lexicon
C. Speech rate
D. Syntax
A. Audience design
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Holds the linguistic practice by a large proportion of a community will impact thoughts and actions of that community.
Eg. many words for snow in the Inuit language
After brain damage, nonsensical speech and struggling to comprehend what others are saying. Which area of the brain is damaged?
Wernicke’s area
Projective tests
Rely on the administrator’s interpretation of the test-taker’s responses.
Which of the following is not a trait measured by the HEXACO model? —look up
A. Need for achievement
B. Neuroticism
C. Aleximythia
D. Narcissism
B. Neuroticism
HEXACO - same as Big 5, but added honesty-humility, and removed Neuroticism
Latency
In Freud’s psychosexual development model, this stage of development involves suppression of sexuality.
Social cognitive theory relies on the concept of:
Reciprocal determinism - a social-cognitive theory which argues that behavior, cognition, and environment all interact with and influence one another.
When looking at how personality traits clustered by different US cultures, a primary cluster of depressed, stressed, and irritable personalities is found in which region?
The Northeast
According to social psychology, our initial judgements of others are primarily driven by:
Others’ physical features
The difference between prejudice and discrimination depends on:
When one acts on their bias
Eg. someone can not like Black people (prejudice) but still serve them at a restaurant (not discrimination)
Honour culture is related to what in males?
Increased aggression and testosterone release in response to an insult.
According to the drive-arousal model, the presence of social others leads to:
The dominant response
