PSYC4121 Quiz 1

Question 1

Why do we need scientific practitioner model?

Answer 1

To promote the Gold Standard for research methodology

Training in a set of core competencies

The application of evidence-based formulations and treatments

Question 2

List the number of events that took place before the scientific practitioner model was formed.
- WWII ..

Answer 2

WWII and returned servicemen
Originated at the 1949 Boulder Conference
Conceived as a model for graduate student training
Graduates should be trained with an equal emphasis in research and practice

Question 3

What sort of series events had happened in the lead up to the conference?

Answer 3

WWII 670,000+ injured U.S. servicemen and women’
Survivor’s guilt and ‘shell-shock’
Govt introduced ‘GI Bill’
Psychological and psychiatric casualties of war
Increased demands for trained psychologists

Question 4

What sort of approach is the scientific practitioner model using?

How are research and practice interrelated to one another?

Answer 4

The S-P model in psychology is an integrative approach to science and practice wherein each must continually inform the other.

Research orientation in their practice
Practice relevance in their research

Question 5

List the advantages of having the scientific practitioner model

Answer 5

critical thinking
understand research findings
implement best practice intervention so clients get the ‘best’ on offer.
Avoid harm
reduce unnecessary treatment
increase the likelihood of better efficiency in treatment.
justify the treatments and interventions they choose on empirical grounds

Question 6

Evidence-based practice: Standard definition

Answer 6

The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of the individual patient

Question 7

What are the steps in scientific practitioner model?

Answer 7

Step 1: Assess the client’s clinical problem
Step 2: Ask – Expressing the problem as a clinical question, also know as the PICO question
Step 3: Access the evidence – Finding evidence-based resources that can answer the question
Step 4: Appraise the evidence for validity
Step 5: Apply the evidence – e.g. intervention, activity or assessment tool
Step 6: Assess its effectiveness – re-evaluate the evidence and its application in practice

Question 8

which evidence based is considered the Gold Standard in research ?
what sort of evidence based is relevant in RCT?

Answer 8

Randomised controlled trials

Meta analysis and systematic review

Question 9

How are randomised controlled trial being conducted?

Answer 9

Participants are randomly assigned to either control or intervention
May be exposed to one or several treatment/interventions
Trials follow strict protocols
Interventions may be manualised
May be single-blind or double-blind

Question 10

Is Positioning at the top of the hierarchy always the best evidence based ?

Answer 10

No !
systematic review
- takes time to complete
-superseded by more recent evidence

Question 11

what sort of systematic evaluation is being used in clinical research ?

Answer 11

validity, reliability, applicability

Question 12

what sort of evidence you might expect to see in clinical trial when critically appraising the evidence?

Answer 12

RCT, quantitative, qualitative, systematic review

Question 13

why do we need to critically appraised evidence in clinical research?

Answer 13

to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and potential for bias in research before you apply it (e.g. in practice).

Question 14

List the different types of biases and explain each of those in explicit detail

Answer 14

Design bias
Failure to account for inherent biases 
Selection bias/Sampling bias
Non representative 
Measurement bias 
An inaccurate or poorly designed measure
Response bias 
Consciously or subconsciously responding according to what the experiments ‘wants’ or ‘expects to find’ 
Performance bias
when participants or researchers act differently because of allocation in control or experimental group 
Reporting bias
Errors, or bias toward publication of positive results

Question 15

what is difference between clinical significance and statistical significance?

Answer 15

Statistical significance = reliability of the result

clinical significance = clinical practice

Question 16

List five things that you expect to see in clinical significance

Answer 16

Extent of change
Whether change makes a real difference
Duration of treatment effects
Consumer acceptability 
Cost-effectiveness 
Ease of implementation

Question 17

what does effect size refers to?

Answer 17

Provides an indication of the size of treatment effects.

Question 18

when interpreting clinical importance and clinical significance, if you see an effect size of

0. 2 = ?
1. 5 =?
2. 8=?

Answer 18

0. 2= small statistical and clinical difference between two groups
1. 5= moderate statistical and clinical difference between two groups
2. 8= large statistical and clinical difference between two groups

Question 19

what does effect size quantitatively compares?

where can you see effect size being reflected in what sort of evidence based study?

Answer 19

results of studies done in a different setting

meta-analysis.

Question 20

Define the following

1. event rate
2. absolute and relative risk rate
3. numbers needed to be treat

Answer 20

Event Rate: a measure of how often a statistical event is observed in treatment in comparison to control conditions

Absolute and Relative Risk: To allow comparison between control and treatment conditions

Number Needed to Treat: The number you need to treat to prevent a bad outcome

Question 21

what is the difference between absolute risk and relative risk?

Answer 21

Absolute riskof a disease is your risk of developing the disease over a time period.

Relative riskis used to compare the risk in two different groups of people

Question 22

what is an important measure to be tested in clinical trial?

Answer 22

Number needed to treat

Question 23

What is randomised controlled trial?

Answer 23

A study in which people are allocated to conditions at random (by chance) to receive one of several clinical interventions
Intervention (or treatment group) and comparison or control.

Question 24

Why does RCT provide the most reliable evidence on the efficacy of healthcare interventions?

Answer 24

Well designed and properly executed randomised controlled trials

Question 25

what are the steps in running RCT?

Answer 25

Prepare a detailed study protocol and manual of operations
Follow Consort protocols
Register a trial

Question 26

What is a consort?

Answer 26

A protocol

consists of a checklist and flow diagram that authors can use for reporting an RCT

Question 27

what is the aim of a consort statement?

Answer 27

statement to improve the quality of reporting of RCTs.

Question 28

what is a systematic review?

Answer 28

review summarises the results of available carefully designed healthcare studies (controlled trials)

Question 29

what sort of benefits does a systematic review have?

Answer 29

a high level of evidence on the effectiveness of healthcare interventions.
Judgments about the evidence (from several trials) can inform recommendations for healthcare.

Question 30

How are systematic review being assessed?

Answer 30

Review authors pool numerical data about effects of the treatment through a process called meta-analyses. Then authors assess the evidence for any benefits or harms from those treatments

Question 31

what are the steps in a systematic review?

Answer 31

Determine the research question
Assemble the research team
Determine if there are any registered (in process) or published systematic reviews on your topic
Develop and register the protocol of your study
Develop a comprehensive search strategy, informed by your inclusion and exclusion criteria
Select studies for inclusion based on the predefined criteria
Extract and analyse the data
Interpret and synthesize results for publication
Update review as required

Question 32

what sort of things you need to be cautious when applying evidence on your client?

Answer 32

some assessment of their individual baseline risk
judgement about whether the evidence can be extrapolated to your client
understanding of factors that may increase the benefits or harm their experience
What are my client’s values and preferences?
Can this practice be implemented in this setting?

Question 33

what sort of advantageous does a qualitative research offer?

Answer 33

Can provide insights into a problem
Provides rich data from individuals’ experiences
Qualitative research can fill a gap or complement [quantitative studies]
Helps to gain a rich understanding of underlying reason, opinions and motivations (e.g. for a treatment or effect).
Qualitative methods may also determine patients’/clients’ experience of, and with, an intervention. If this is negative (e.g., side effects of medication, behavioural intervention too time-consuming) it will impact on treatment uptake.

Question 34

How is efficacy is being determined by clinical trial?

Answer 34

Based on the variables the are carefully controlled to demonstrate that the relationship between the treatment and outcome are relatively unambiguous.

Question 35

what does efficacy emphasis on in clinical trial?

Answer 35

internal validity of the experimental design

Question 36

how is effectiveness being considered in study?

Answer 36

when the intervention is implemented without the same level of internal validity — is the treatment beneficial in a clinical setting?

Question 37

what does effectiveness studies seek to study?

Answer 37

to examine the outcomes of interventions under circumstances that more closely approximate the real world

Question 38

what is moral?

Answer 38

Morals include the social, cultural and religious beliefs or values of an individual or group which tells us what is right or wrong.
They are the rules and standards made by the society or culture which is to be followed by us while deciding what is right.
Can differ from culture to culture.

Question 39

what is ethics?

Answer 39

A branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of behaviour expected by a group or profession
Guiding principles promoting fairness and expectations, which help us to decide what is good or evil.
Standards which govern the life of a person.
Ethics are generally uniform.

Question 40

List the three ethical theories

Answer 40

Utilitarianism / Consequentialism
Deontology
Virtue Ethics

Question 41

what is the three basic principle of ethics 101?

Answer 41

the principles of respect of persons,
beneficence and
justice

Question 42

what is the guideline in psychology?

Answer 42

It articulates and promotes ethical principles, and sets specific standards to guide both psychologists and members of the public to a clear understanding and expectation of what is considered ethical professional conduct by psychologists.

Question 43

Name of the APS 3 code of ethics

Answer 43

Respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples

B. Propriety

C. Integrity

Question 44

what is purpose of National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research?

Answer 44

Promote ethically good human research
Clarify responsibilities of ethical review bodies in ethical review of research
Deliberate potential issues
Justify decisions

Question 45

what is ethically good human research?

Answer 45

Research that is conducted with or about people, or their data or tissue

Question 46

what is human research?

Answer 46

surveys, interviews, focus groups
undergoing medical, mental, health assessments or treatments
being observed by researchers
accessing data or personal records
Collection of body organs, skin tissues or fluids, or exhaled breath

Question 47

what is the ethical committee responsible for?

Answer 47

establishing procedures for the ethical review of human research

Question 48

How to spot Predatory Journals ?

Answer 48

Always check the website thoroughly. …
Check if the journal is a member of DOAJ, COPE, OASPA or STM. …
Check the journal’s contact information. …
Research the editorial board. …
Take a look at their peer review process and publication timelines. …
Read through past issues of the journal.

take advantage of authors by asking them to publish for a fee without providing peer-review or editing services.

not follow the proper academic standards for publishing, they usually offer a quick turnaround on publishing a manuscript.

Question 49

what is predatory journal?

Answer 49

global threat
Accept articles for publication along with author’s fees (as distinct from reputable open access publishing)
Publish (for a fee) without providing peer-review or editing services.
Because predatory publishers do not follow the proper academic standards for publishing, they usually offer a quick turnaround on publishing a manuscript.

Question 50

define (predatory journal)

Answer 50

Predatory journals and publishers are entities that prioritize self-interest at the expense of scholarship and are characterized by false or misleading information, deviation from best editorial and publication practices, a lack of transparency, and/or the use of aggressive and indiscriminate solicitation practices.”

Question 51

what is the order of authorship?

Answer 51

any publication is dependent on the relative contribution of the researchers/authors

Question 52

what factors that you need to consider in the order of authorship?

Answer 52

Conception of the idea for the study;

2. Development of the design;
3. Collection of the data;
4. Analysis of the data;
5. Conduct of the literature review; and
6. Drafting and revising the article.

Question 53

what is data fudging?

Answer 53

clearly inventing data to fit the curve or trend, and is deliberate and thus harder to catch

Question 54

what is p-hacking? when does it occur?

Answer 54

the misuse of data-analysis to find patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant, when in fact there is no real underlying effect

occurs when researchers collect or select data or statistical analyses until nonsignificant results become significant.

Question 55

what is the rule for data fabrication in both APS and APA?

Answer 55

APS: “Members must not fabricate data or falsify results in their publications.”
APA: “Psychologists do not fabricate data.”

Question 56

rules for plagiarism in APA and APS

Answer 56

APS: “Members must not present substantial portions or elements of another’s work or data as their own.”

APA: “Psychologists do not present portions of another’s work or data as their own, even if the other source is cited occasionally.”

Question 57

List the sort of roles and description in ethics committee

Answer 57

(a) there should be equal numbers ofmen and women; and(b) at least one third of the membersshould be from outside theinstitution for which the HREC isreviewing research.
This minimum membership is:
(a) a chairperson
(b) at least two lay people, one manand one woman, who have noaffiliation with the institution anddo not currently engage in medical,scientific, legal or academic work;(c) at least one person with knowledgeof, and current experience in, theprofessional care, counselling ortreatment of people; for example, anurse or allied health professional;(d) at least one person who performs apastoral care role in a community,for example, an Aboriginal elder,a minister of religion;(e) at least one lawyer, where possibleone who is not engaged to advisethe institution; and(f) at least two people with currentresearch experience that is relevantto research proposals to beconsidered at the meetings theyattend.

Question 58

list the sort of examples that you would expect to see in

1. Physical harm
2. psychological harm
3. devaluation of personal worth
4. social harm

Answer 58

Physical harms: including injury, illness, pain
Psychological harms: including feelings of worthlessness, distress, guilt, anger, or fear related, for example, to disclosure of sensitive or embarrassing information
Devaluation of personal worth: including being humiliated, manipulated or in other ways treated disrespectfully or unjustly
Social harms: including damage to social networks or relationships with others