PSYC23: Lesson 2 Flashcards
The emergence of clinical psychology around the turn of the ________ was preceded by numerous important historical events. These events __________ for clinical psychology
20th century
“set the stage”
Some pioneers in the treatment of the mentally ill made important contributions in the ________ and _______
1700s and 1800s
- Lived in England
- Appalled by deplorable conditions in “asylums” where mentally ill lived
- Devoted much of his life to improving their treatment
- Raised funds to open the York Retreat, a model of humane treatment
- patients received good food, frequent exercise, and friendly interactions with staff.
William Tuke (1732-1822)
- Lived in France
- Advocated for more humane and compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in France
- mentally ill persons were not possessed by devils, and that they deserved compassion
- Also introduced ideas of a case history, treatment notes, and illness classification, indicating care about their wellbeing
Phillippe Pinel (1745-1826)
- A physician in Connecticut
- At the time, there were very few hospitals for the mentally ill
- Burden for their care fell on families
- Using Pinel’s efforts as a model, he opened humane treatment centers in US
- The Retreat in Hartford, Connecticut
Eli Todd (1762-1832)
- Worked in a prison in Boston, and observed that many inmates were mentally ill rather than criminals
- Traveled to various cities to persuade leaders to build facilities for humane treatment of mentally ill
- Resulted in over 30 state institutions in US and other countries
- Problems: increased number of mental patients, understaffed institutions, from moral therapy to custodial care
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
- Received doctorate in 1892 in Germany
- Psychology was essentially academic; no practice, just study
- In 1896, Witmer founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania
- By 1914, there were about 20 clinics in US
- By 1935, there were over 150
- He also founded the first scholarly clinical psychology journal, The Psychological Clinic, in 1907
Lightner Witmer (1867-1956)
__________ and ______________ of mental illness has been central to clinical psychology from the start
Diagnosis and categorization
Europe mental illness classification were:
- Neurosis
- Psychosis
have psychiatric symptoms but maintain an intact grasp to reality
Neurosis
demonstrated a break from reality in the form of hallucinations, delusions, or grossly disorganized thinking
Psychosis
- He is considered a pioneer of diagnosis, “Father of Descriptive Psychiatry”
- Coined some of the earliest terms to categorize mental illness
- E.g. paranoia, manic depressive psychosis, involutional melancholia, cyclothymic personality, and autistic personality
Emil Kraepelin (1855-1926)
2 Categorization of disorders
- Exogenous disorders
- Endogenous disorders
caused by external factors - treatable
Exogenous disorders
caused by internal factors
Endogenous disorders
forerunner of Schizophrenia
dementia praecox
- Kraepelin’s work set the stage for the ________________, which continues to dominate diagnosis today
- Published by American Psychiatric Association, originally in 1952
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
Most drastic change in DSMs is from ______ to ________
❖ Larger, including more disorders
❖ Specific diagnostic criteria
❖ Use Multiaxial system
DSM-II to DSM-III
Version of DSM where Removal of the multiaxial system was implemented
DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5
numerous disorders under consideration for inclusion in next DSM (“proposed criteria sets”)
- Internet gambling disorder
- Attenuated psychosis syndrome
- Persistent complex bereavement
- Nonsuicidal self-injury
- others
Evolution of Assessment
Assessment of Intelligence
Assessment of Personality
Assessment of _________ characterized the profession in early years
intelligence
Early debates about the definition of intelligence focused on _____ vs. ______
g vs s
a single, general intelligence
g
specific intelligences
s
In 1890, ___________________ used the term “___________” to describe the basic tests of abilities such as reaction time, memory, & sensation/perception
James McKeen Cattell
mental test
Alfred Binet’s early intelligence test (1905) later became the ______________________________, which is still widely used today
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
he translated the Binet scale into English
Lewis Terman
Binet’s test was intended for ___________
children
- He published the Wechsler-Bellevue in 1939, which was designed for adults
- He later created tests for school-age and preschool children
- Revisions are among the most commonly used today
David Wechsler
Different Versions of Wechsler Tests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC-IV)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
Intelligence(WPPSI-III)
were among the first to emerge to assess personality—clients “project” personality onto ambiguous stimuli
Projective tests
Types of Projective Tests
Rorschach Inkblot Method—1921
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)—1935
Draw a Person Test (DAP/T)
House-Tree-Person
Clients respond to ambiguous inkblot
Clients respond to ambiguous inkblot
Clients respond to ambiguous interpersonal scenes
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)—1935
______________ soon followed projectives
Typically paper-and-pencil, self-report, and more scientifically sound
Objective tests
Types of Objective Tests
MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 1943)
MMPI-2 (1989)—revised and restandardized
MMPI-A (1992)—for adolescents
comprehensive personality test measuring various pathologies
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,
- is the most common activity of clinical psychologists today, but before the 1940s/1950s, it was not a significant professional activity
- Treatment was by medical doctors, not psychologists
- World War II created a demand for treatment of psychologically affected soldiers
- Wars have had many other influences on the evolution of assessment and psychotherapy
Psychotherapy
When psychotherapy became a more common activity in the mid 1900s, the _____________________ dominated
psychodynamic approach
numerous other approaches that followed the psychodynamic approach
Behaviorism
Humanism
Family Therapy
Most recently, _______________ has risen to become the most widely endorsed singular orientation
cognitive therapy
At the historic ______________ in 1949, directors of graduate training programs agreed on a dual emphasis on ____________ and ___________
Boulder conference
practice and research
Development of the Profession: In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s,
❖ Therapy approaches proliferated
❖ More minorities entered the field
❖ Psy.D./Vail model programs emerged
Development of the Profession: In the 1980s,
❖ Psychotherapy increased, in part due to increasing respect from medical professionals and insurance companies
❖ The number of training programs and new clinical psychologists increased
Development of the Profession: In the 1990s and 2000s
❖ The size and scope of the field continues to grow
❖ Multiple training model options are available
❖ Empirical support of clinical techniques, prescription privileges, and new technologies are among major contemporary issues
