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PSYC23: Clinical Psychology > PSYC23: Lesson 2 > Flashcards

PSYC23: Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The emergence of clinical psychology around the turn of the ________ was preceded by numerous important historical events. These events __________ for clinical psychology

A

20th century
“set the stage”

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2
Q

Some pioneers in the treatment of the mentally ill made important contributions in the ________ and _______

A

1700s and 1800s

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3
Q
  • Lived in England
  • Appalled by deplorable conditions in “asylums” where mentally ill lived
  • Devoted much of his life to improving their treatment
  • Raised funds to open the York Retreat, a model of humane treatment
  • patients received good food, frequent exercise, and friendly interactions with staff.
A

William Tuke (1732-1822)

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4
Q
  • Lived in France
  • Advocated for more humane and compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in France
  • mentally ill persons were not possessed by devils, and that they deserved compassion
  • Also introduced ideas of a case history, treatment notes, and illness classification, indicating care about their wellbeing
A

Phillippe Pinel (1745-1826)

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5
Q
  • A physician in Connecticut
  • At the time, there were very few hospitals for the mentally ill
  • Burden for their care fell on families
  • Using Pinel’s efforts as a model, he opened humane treatment centers in US
  • The Retreat in Hartford, Connecticut
A

Eli Todd (1762-1832)

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6
Q
  • Worked in a prison in Boston, and observed that many inmates were mentally ill rather than criminals
  • Traveled to various cities to persuade leaders to build facilities for humane treatment of mentally ill
  • Resulted in over 30 state institutions in US and other countries
  • Problems: increased number of mental patients, understaffed institutions, from moral therapy to custodial care
A

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

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7
Q
  • Received doctorate in 1892 in Germany
  • Psychology was essentially academic; no practice, just study
  • In 1896, Witmer founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania
  • By 1914, there were about 20 clinics in US
  • By 1935, there were over 150
  • He also founded the first scholarly clinical psychology journal, The Psychological Clinic, in 1907
A

Lightner Witmer (1867-1956)

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8
Q

__________ and ______________ of mental illness has been central to clinical psychology from the start

A

Diagnosis and categorization

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9
Q

Europe mental illness classification were:

A
  1. Neurosis
  2. Psychosis
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10
Q

have psychiatric symptoms but maintain an intact grasp to reality

A

Neurosis

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11
Q

demonstrated a break from reality in the form of hallucinations, delusions, or grossly disorganized thinking

A

Psychosis

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12
Q
  • He is considered a pioneer of diagnosis, “Father of Descriptive Psychiatry”
  • Coined some of the earliest terms to categorize mental illness
  • E.g. paranoia, manic depressive psychosis, involutional melancholia, cyclothymic personality, and autistic personality
A

Emil Kraepelin (1855-1926)

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13
Q

2 Categorization of disorders

A
  1. Exogenous disorders
  2. Endogenous disorders
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14
Q

caused by external factors - treatable

A

Exogenous disorders

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15
Q

caused by internal factors

A

Endogenous disorders

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16
Q

forerunner of Schizophrenia

A

dementia praecox

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17
Q
  • Kraepelin’s work set the stage for the ________________, which continues to dominate diagnosis today
  • Published by American Psychiatric Association, originally in 1952
A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

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18
Q

Most drastic change in DSMs is from ______ to ________
❖ Larger, including more disorders
❖ Specific diagnostic criteria
❖ Use Multiaxial system

A

DSM-II to DSM-III

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19
Q

Version of DSM where Removal of the multiaxial system was implemented

A

DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5

20
Q

numerous disorders under consideration for inclusion in next DSM (“proposed criteria sets”)

A
  1. Internet gambling disorder
  2. Attenuated psychosis syndrome
  3. Persistent complex bereavement
  4. Nonsuicidal self-injury
  5. others
21
Q

Evolution of Assessment

A

Assessment of Intelligence
Assessment of Personality

22
Q

Assessment of _________ characterized the profession in early years

A

intelligence

23
Q

Early debates about the definition of intelligence focused on _____ vs. ______

A

g vs s

24
Q

a single, general intelligence

A

g

25
Q

specific intelligences

A

s

26
Q

In 1890, ___________________ used the term “___________” to describe the basic tests of abilities such as reaction time, memory, & sensation/perception

A

James McKeen Cattell
mental test

27
Q

Alfred Binet’s early intelligence test (1905) later became the ______________________________, which is still widely used today

A

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

28
Q

he translated the Binet scale into English

A

Lewis Terman

29
Q

Binet’s test was intended for ___________

A

children

30
Q
  • He published the Wechsler-Bellevue in 1939, which was designed for adults
  • He later created tests for school-age and preschool children
  • Revisions are among the most commonly used today
A

David Wechsler

31
Q

Different Versions of Wechsler Tests

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC-IV)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
Intelligence(WPPSI-III)

32
Q

were among the first to emerge to assess personality—clients “project” personality onto ambiguous stimuli

A

Projective tests

33
Q

Types of Projective Tests

A

Rorschach Inkblot Method—1921
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)—1935
Draw a Person Test (DAP/T)
House-Tree-Person

34
Q

Clients respond to ambiguous inkblot

A

Clients respond to ambiguous inkblot

35
Q

Clients respond to ambiguous interpersonal scenes

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)—1935

36
Q

______________ soon followed projectives
Typically paper-and-pencil, self-report, and more scientifically sound

A

Objective tests

37
Q

Types of Objective Tests

A

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 1943)
MMPI-2 (1989)—revised and restandardized
MMPI-A (1992)—for adolescents

38
Q

comprehensive personality test measuring various pathologies

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,

39
Q
  • is the most common activity of clinical psychologists today, but before the 1940s/1950s, it was not a significant professional activity
  • Treatment was by medical doctors, not psychologists
  • World War II created a demand for treatment of psychologically affected soldiers
  • Wars have had many other influences on the evolution of assessment and psychotherapy
A

Psychotherapy

40
Q

When psychotherapy became a more common activity in the mid 1900s, the _____________________ dominated

A

psychodynamic approach

41
Q

numerous other approaches that followed the psychodynamic approach

A

Behaviorism
Humanism
Family Therapy

42
Q

Most recently, _______________ has risen to become the most widely endorsed singular orientation

A

cognitive therapy

43
Q

At the historic ______________ in 1949, directors of graduate training programs agreed on a dual emphasis on ____________ and ___________

A

Boulder conference
practice and research

44
Q

Development of the Profession: In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s,

A

❖ Therapy approaches proliferated
❖ More minorities entered the field
❖ Psy.D./Vail model programs emerged

45
Q

Development of the Profession: In the 1980s,

A

❖ Psychotherapy increased, in part due to increasing respect from medical professionals and insurance companies
❖ The number of training programs and new clinical psychologists increased

46
Q

Development of the Profession: In the 1990s and 2000s

A

❖ The size and scope of the field continues to grow
❖ Multiple training model options are available
❖ Empirical support of clinical techniques, prescription privileges, and new technologies are among major contemporary issues

PSYC23: Clinical Psychology (3 decks)

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