PSYC2061: Wk 4-6 Flashcards
Observational method
going out and observing natural behaviour
Cross-sectional design
Study groups of different ages, compare change in performance with age
3 advantages of cross-sectional design
Convenient, low attrition, one test pp
Disadvantages of cross-sectional design
Cohort effect
Longitudinal design
Measure same individuals of same age at different ages.
3 advantages of longitudinal design
different aspects of dev, more info, tracks individuals
Disadvantages of longitudinal design
Historic effects, attrition, practice effects, selective sampling, expensive
Longitudinal sequential design
Cross sectional design with several aged individuals and tested longitudinally
Object permanence
Object still exists even when they cannot be perceived directly
Object permanence relates to ____________ ability.
representational
OP Stage 1-2 (1-4 months)
Baby believes object no longer exists
OP Stage 3 (4-8 months)
Baby will reach for partially hidden objects
OP Stage 4 (8-12 months)
Baby can seek object but only where it was last hidden
Development is _________ from 0-__ months and passes through substages.
gradual; 19
Classic study for object permanence
Baby seeks toy after put under a cloth
A not B Error
Piaget believes baby’s development of OP is incomplete
Competence-Performance Distinction
Competence is aimed to be inherent knowledge in completing a task
Diamong (1985): object permanence
Some children make A-not-B error even when target is not concealed
Bjork & Cummings (1984): location memory
Memory hasn’t developed enough for babies to pick completely correct toy
Baillargeon: Habituation
Babies at 5mo found impossible event to be more surprising.
When does “language explosion” occur?
5-6yo
From ___-___yo, children add __ words per day.
1.5-10; 10
DeVries (1969: Maynard the Cat
Cat wore dog mask and 3-4yo still changed answer to dog.
Conservation of number/volume (pre-op)
Children 3-4yo are distracted by perception of reality and cannot perceive conservation
Piaget’s Stages of Development
Sensory Motor stage
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Classical study of egocentrism
Do you have a brother - Yes
Does Tom have a brother - no
Irreversibility
Children have difficulty transforming/reversing sequences in their head
Gelman (1979): Apply study
Children were confused when numerous apples became spaced apart
What are the basic symbolic abilities?
Language, fantasy, play, drawing
“Classic” limitations of pre-op thought
perceptually bound, irreversibility
Limitation of perceptual pre-op research
May reflect performance as opposed to cognitive competence
3 stages of pre-op thinking for child illness
- Contagion is overgeneralised
- Contamination is undergeneralised
- Justice as causal mechanism
Describe a study depicting overgeneralisation of contagion
Kister & Patterson (1980): Children had to decide whether to sit someone who was ill - cold, toothache, scraped knee.
Describe a study depicting undergeneralisation of contamination
Rozin & Fallon (1987): Come and grasshopper with OJ
Describe a study depicting justice as causal mechanism
Kister & Patterson (1980): Do you think he got a cold because he didn’t listen to mother?
Contamination (Siegal & Share, 1990)
Third person; would drinking the OJ make John sick?
Attachment
Strong tie we feel for individuals within our lives
Proximity to attachment figures are associated with what?
Positive emotions
Behavioural drive reduction
Caregiver satisfies a variety of biological primary drives
Process of behavioural drive reduction
Mothers presence becomes a CS capable of drive reduction, through Pavlovian conditioning process
How did Harry Harlow challenge behavioural drive reduction?
Surrogate mothers: monkey would move to blanket mother after feeding from cage mother
Contact comfort
Infant monkey preferred cloth covered “mother” despite no feeding
How many hours did baby monkey spend w “cloth mother”?
22 hours
Sensitive period for human attachment (Bowlby)
6 months to 2 years
Secure %?
60-65%
Insecure-Avoidant %?
2-%
Insecure-Resistant %?
10-15%
Insecure-Disorganised
1%
Attachment longitudinal study (Walters et al., 2000)
Links b/w early attachment style and those 20 years later
Consequence of Secure Attachment
11 yo more confident, socially aware and smarter
Visual paired-comparison task
Familiarisation and test phase, with time looking at each stimulus being the DV
Familiarisation
Participant forms internal representation of target stimulus
Habituation
Attention becomes declined to a predetermined criterion level
High amplitude sucking
Operant conditioning procedure involving infants learning contingency b/w sucking and R+ (e.g. mums voice)
Mobile conjugate R+
Study of memory development across infancy period, through baseline, learning and test phases.
Baseline MCR+
How often baby kicks when foot isn’t attached to mobile
Learning MCR_
Infants learn that kicking causes mobile to move (R+)
Test MCR+
Ribbon detached from mobile. If they kick more than baseline, they have learnt.
Deferred imitation puppet task
- Remove mitten
- Shake it
- Replace mitten
What was the findings of puppet task?
6mo exhibit deferred imitation, though they require twice the amount of exposure to the modeled actions.
What develops in memory development?
Encoding, retention, retrieval
Describe how the MCR+ task works
Baby has learnt if they kick more in last min of NR compared to beginning.
How do we know how much baby has retained in MCR+?
Rate at which they kick in Session 3
Baseline ratio
1min NR of:
immediate / baseline
Retention ratio
1min NR of:
long term retention / immediate
Baseline ratio > 1
Infant has learnt the contingency
Baseline ratio = 1
Infant has not learnt the contingency
Retention ratio = 1
Perfect retention, no forgetting
Retention ratio
Some forgetting
What if kick rate at long term retention test do not differ from baseline?
Complete forgetting
Retention rate for 2mo
24 hours
Retention rate for 3mo
1 week
Retention rate for 6mo
2 weeks
Hayne & Rovee-Collier (1995)
2wk MCR+
If baby is reminded of mobile, they can retain memory if conditions are exactly the same.
What is retention rate without reminder (Hayne & Rovee-Collier, 1995)?
0.4
Reactivation in Imitation (Rovee-Collier, 2015)
Recent memories are easier to reactivate, and studies suggest forgetting may be issue of accessibility
Mirror Rouge study
Mark on nose and placed in front of mirror - babies pass test from 18mo.
Praise (Mueller & Dweck, 1998)
Concerns praising ability vs effort, and issues of overpraising
