PSYC2061: Wk 1-3 Flashcards
Palmar grasp reflex
When object is placed in infants hand and strokes their palm, fingers will close and grasp
Reversed by stroking back/side of hand
- De Casper & Spence (1986) *
Mother would read Cat in the hat to foetus
American research for determining preterm infant
Birth weight
Gender
Multiple/singleton
Steroids
Prenatal 24 weeks
Foetus can respond to light
They can hear sounds in the uterus at 75dB - mothers voice and heartbeat are heard best
Chromosome
Thread like structure found in nucleus of all cells within the body
Fetal period
Last 7 months, organ growth, responsive foetus, regular behaviour
Until what age can babies completely discriminate novel monkeys
6 months
Kangaroo care (98% US NICU)
Involves skin-to skin contact and leads to sleep development, feeding/growth and earlier discharge, reduced stress
E.g of environmental impact on development in Africa
Mothers allow babies to practice standing earlier, and therefore walk at younger age
What temperature determines sex of turtles?
29 degrees
Newborns’ development of audition
Overproduction of synapses
This is pruned away - less brain connections at 2 years compared to 6 months
Synapses are “use it or lose it”
Preterm statistics in Australia
7% of babies born under 37 weeks
In embryonic period, layers of cells differentiate to become
Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
Genotype
Genetic blueprint inherited from parents
Sex determination in turtles
Temperature of egg incubation affects gender of offspring
If you have AIS, are you generally raised as girl or boy?
Girl due to female external genitalia
Example 1: IQ, FADS2 and Breastfeeding
Children who were breastfed on average has higher IQ, but only if they had the C allele.
Higher risk of preterm infant if you are…
Indigenous
Young 40
Multiple birth
First time
Pascalis, de Haan & Nelson (2002)
6mo pass human and monkey face task. 9mo and adult only pass human face task.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Double stranded molecule that makes up the chromosome
Infants prefer to look at…
Patterned, complex, red, face
Ectoderm
Outer layer
Forms nervous system, skin and hair
Prenatal 12 weeks
Foetus moves and displays sucking motions
Shows movement of hands/feet
Sex of baby however not completely accurate
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Genetically XY (boy), but body does not detect or respond to male hormones
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Girls with XX chromosome, however exposed to excessive levels of testosterone in prenatal phase
What happens if PKU is left untreated?
Cognitive deficits, seizures, shortened lifespan
What is developmental psychology?
Scientific approach to how children and adults change over time.
Prenatal 6 weeks
Gestational features begin to form
Brain takes up 50% of foetus’ total volume
Germinal period
L
Zygote travels down uterus, and divides (16-64) to form blastocyst
Endoderm
Inner layer
Digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and other organs
What happens at 12 weeks, in terms of sex determination for humans?
Sex differentiation is complete
Plantar reflex
(Abnormal) Babinski reflex
Plantar: Toes curl down (negative)
Abnormal: Toes fan out (positive Babinski)
Prenatal 8 weeks
organogenesis, bone, facial structure, sex, brain fills w neurons
Zygote
Single cell that forms when sperm meets egg.
46 chromosomes = 23 mum + 24 dad
Prenatal 18 weeks
Head and body only make up 1/3 body composition
Preterm infant
Born at 36 weeks or earlier, and low birthweight (
During first 7 weeks, both XX and XY foetuses have _______ and ________ ducts.
Mullerian; Wolffian
What happens between 7-8 weeks for XX, in terms of sex determination for humans?
MS develops into female external and internal genitalia, and the WS is absorbed
What determines the extent to which we get a particular phenotype as the result of a genotype?
Whether gene is dominant/recessive
Genes
Basic units of life passed down through generations
Heterozygous
Bb
Walk/stepping reflex
Present at birth
Attempt to walk/step if feet touch flat surface
Homozygous
BB or bb
Example 1: IQ, FADS2 and Breastfeeding
Children who were breastfed on average has higher IQ, but only if they had the C allele.
Germinal period is from _____ to _______. How many days?
Conception; implantation; 14
When do babies put on weight, through fat under the skin?
7 months (third trimester)
What period does XX and XY look the same?
0-7 weeks
Rooting reflex
Turn its head toward anything that strokes its cheek/mouth
Assists with breastfeeding
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Inability to metabolize phenylalanine which, if untreated, causes brain and nerve damage.
E.g. neutrasweet
Sucking reflex
Baby will suck if roof of mouth is touched
Tonic neck reflex
If head is turned to side, arm on that side will straighten and other arm will bend.
Precursor to hand/eye coordination and voluntary reaching.
Huntingtons Disease
Rare degenerative disease which has onset in midlife (30-50yo)
Moro reflex
Up to 2 months
If head moved abruptly, baby extends arms/legs
Tactile-kinaesthetic stimulation (massage)
38% U.S. NICU
Findings of study: both groups ate same amount but massage group grew at higher rate
What does Huntingtons Disease affect?
Muscle coordination and cognitive function
If parents do not have PKU but they are both carriers, what is likelihood that you will get it?
25% or 1/4
What organs do people with AIS have?
No internal organs, without ovaries
What can be given to mothers/infants to speed lung development for preterm infants?
Steroids
Foetuses can ____ and _____in the womb
Hear; learn
Perceptual narrowing
Gradual loss of ability to distinguish between faces, sounds and language over the first year of life
Believed to be due to synaptic pruning
Case study: Hopi Indian babies
Babies were strapped to bed all day unless on mothers back.
This shows experience is not important.
Phenotype
Behavioural genetics
E.g. foot on chair at dinner
Where is Huntingtons first noticed?
Physical movement
Mesoderm
Middle layer
Forms muscles, bones and circulatory system
NICU
Neonatal intensive care unit
Case Study: SIDS and Tummy Time
Babies slept on backs to reduce SIDS rate, leading to delay in gross motor development. Compensate with allocated “tummy time”
Limit of viability for preterm infant
24 weeks
They will have 50% survival rate
When is AIS detected?
Puberty
What were the findings of Walton et al’s rat study (1992)?
Swimming: Suspension disrupted swimming, and impacted on development but only mildly (sensitive period)
Walking: suspension disrupted walking abilities permanently (critical period)
E.g of environmental impact on development in Northern China
Sandbag for toilet training impedes their locomotor development (walking)
- Walson et al. (1992) *
Rats suspended on back legs during swimming and walking.
Recessive genes ONLY express phenotype when seen in the ___________ state.
homozygous
E.g. grey/blue/green eyes: bb
Swimming relex
Infant will paddle and kick if placed face down in water
Which gene has Huntingtons been isolated?
Chromosome 4
What study shows infants will recognise mothers milk?
They will turn their head to pad
If both parents have Huntingtons, what is the likelihood that you will get it?
75%
Punnets square: HH Hh Hh hh
Do newborns prefer salty or sweet?
Sweet
What does Huntingtons target?
Basal ganglia
Atypical development: depression, stress and 5-HTT Transporter
Life stress predicted depressive episode, but only in carriers of the short allele
Galant reflex
Infant swings towards side of body that is stroked
What happens between 7-8 weeks for XY, in terms of sex determination for humans?
Testosterone makes the WS develop into male external and internal genitalia. MS is absorbed.
Chromosomes are made of…
__ pairs of autosomes and;
Sex _ and _ chromosome.
22
X Y
Babies acuity
40x worse than adults
What does XY foetus need to develop male genitalia?
Testosterone
Embryonic period is formation of _____. How many weeks?
Major organs; 3-8
Embryonic period
Blastocyst implants in the uterine wall
What is the only sense that develops postnatally?
Vision
Difference between Mullerian and Wolffian ducts?
Mullerian = precursor to female organs Wolffian = precursor to male organs
Babkin reflex
Pressure on palms of both hands leads to opening of infants mouth
If one parent has Huntingtons, what is the likelihood that you will get it?
50%
What is one of the first senses to develop in utero?
Olfaction (smell)
Babies outperform adults in which perceptual discrimination tasks?
Face perception
Speech perception
Intermodal perception
Name disorder caused by: dominant gene, and recessive gene
Dominant = Huntingtons Recessive = Phenylketonuria (PKU)
What conditioning procedure was used in De Casper & Spence (1986) - Cat in the Hat?
Operant conditioning - sucking is reinforced by certain sounds
Most reinforcing sounds in Cat in the Hat study?
Similar to those heard in utero - Cat in the Hat story
Kelly et al. (2007)
- 3mo Chin, ME, Cauc
- 6mo ME, Cauc
- 9mo Cauc
Kelly et al. (2009)
- 3mo Af, Cauc, Chin
- 6mo Cauc, Chin
- 9mo Chin
Conditioned Head Turn (Werker, 1997)
R+ is rabbit for new sound. They discriminate sounds - lah and rah (Japan)
Werker & Tees (1984)
Discriminating ‘kuh’ and ‘queh’
Intersensory perception
Babies can discriminate language from lipreading, until 8mo
