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PSYC2061: Developmental > PSYC2061: Wk 1-3 > Flashcards

PSYC2061: Wk 1-3 Flashcards

0
Q

Palmar grasp reflex

A

When object is placed in infants hand and strokes their palm, fingers will close and grasp

Reversed by stroking back/side of hand

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1
Q
  • De Casper & Spence (1986) *
A

Mother would read Cat in the hat to foetus

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2
Q

American research for determining preterm infant

A

Birth weight
Gender
Multiple/singleton
Steroids

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3
Q

Prenatal 24 weeks

A

Foetus can respond to light

They can hear sounds in the uterus at 75dB - mothers voice and heartbeat are heard best

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread like structure found in nucleus of all cells within the body

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5
Q

Fetal period

A

Last 7 months, organ growth, responsive foetus, regular behaviour

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6
Q

Until what age can babies completely discriminate novel monkeys

A

6 months

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7
Q

Kangaroo care (98% US NICU)

A

Involves skin-to skin contact and leads to sleep development, feeding/growth and earlier discharge, reduced stress

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8
Q

E.g of environmental impact on development in Africa

A

Mothers allow babies to practice standing earlier, and therefore walk at younger age

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9
Q

What temperature determines sex of turtles?

A

29 degrees

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10
Q

Newborns’ development of audition

A

Overproduction of synapses

This is pruned away - less brain connections at 2 years compared to 6 months

Synapses are “use it or lose it”

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11
Q

Preterm statistics in Australia

A

7% of babies born under 37 weeks

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12
Q

In embryonic period, layers of cells differentiate to become

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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13
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic blueprint inherited from parents

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14
Q

Sex determination in turtles

A

Temperature of egg incubation affects gender of offspring

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15
Q

If you have AIS, are you generally raised as girl or boy?

A

Girl due to female external genitalia

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16
Q

Example 1: IQ, FADS2 and Breastfeeding

A

Children who were breastfed on average has higher IQ, but only if they had the C allele.

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17
Q

Higher risk of preterm infant if you are…

A

Indigenous
Young 40
Multiple birth
First time

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18
Q

Pascalis, de Haan & Nelson (2002)

A

6mo pass human and monkey face task. 9mo and adult only pass human face task.

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19
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Double stranded molecule that makes up the chromosome

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20
Q

Infants prefer to look at…

A

Patterned, complex, red, face

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21
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer

Forms nervous system, skin and hair

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22
Q

Prenatal 12 weeks

A

Foetus moves and displays sucking motions

Shows movement of hands/feet

Sex of baby however not completely accurate

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23
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

A

Genetically XY (boy), but body does not detect or respond to male hormones

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24
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Girls with XX chromosome, however exposed to excessive levels of testosterone in prenatal phase

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25
Q

What happens if PKU is left untreated?

A

Cognitive deficits, seizures, shortened lifespan

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26
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Scientific approach to how children and adults change over time.

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27
Q

Prenatal 6 weeks

A

Gestational features begin to form

Brain takes up 50% of foetus’ total volume

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28
Q

Germinal period

L

A

Zygote travels down uterus, and divides (16-64) to form blastocyst

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29
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer

Digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and other organs

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30
Q

What happens at 12 weeks, in terms of sex determination for humans?

A

Sex differentiation is complete

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31
Q

Plantar reflex

(Abnormal) Babinski reflex

A

Plantar: Toes curl down (negative)

Abnormal: Toes fan out (positive Babinski)

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32
Q

Prenatal 8 weeks

A

organogenesis, bone, facial structure, sex, brain fills w neurons

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33
Q

Zygote

A

Single cell that forms when sperm meets egg.

46 chromosomes = 23 mum + 24 dad

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34
Q

Prenatal 18 weeks

A

Head and body only make up 1/3 body composition

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35
Q

Preterm infant

A

Born at 36 weeks or earlier, and low birthweight (

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36
Q

During first 7 weeks, both XX and XY foetuses have _______ and ________ ducts.

A

Mullerian; Wolffian

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37
Q

What happens between 7-8 weeks for XX, in terms of sex determination for humans?

A

MS develops into female external and internal genitalia, and the WS is absorbed

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38
Q

What determines the extent to which we get a particular phenotype as the result of a genotype?

A

Whether gene is dominant/recessive

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39
Q

Genes

A

Basic units of life passed down through generations

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40
Q

Heterozygous

A

Bb

41
Q

Walk/stepping reflex

A

Present at birth

Attempt to walk/step if feet touch flat surface

42
Q

Homozygous

A

BB or bb

43
Q

Example 1: IQ, FADS2 and Breastfeeding

A

Children who were breastfed on average has higher IQ, but only if they had the C allele.

44
Q

Germinal period is from _____ to _______. How many days?

A

Conception; implantation; 14

45
Q

When do babies put on weight, through fat under the skin?

A

7 months (third trimester)

46
Q

What period does XX and XY look the same?

A

0-7 weeks

47
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Turn its head toward anything that strokes its cheek/mouth

Assists with breastfeeding

48
Q

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

Inability to metabolize phenylalanine which, if untreated, causes brain and nerve damage.

E.g. neutrasweet

49
Q

Sucking reflex

A

Baby will suck if roof of mouth is touched

50
Q

Tonic neck reflex

A

If head is turned to side, arm on that side will straighten and other arm will bend.

Precursor to hand/eye coordination and voluntary reaching.

51
Q

Huntingtons Disease

A

Rare degenerative disease which has onset in midlife (30-50yo)

52
Q

Moro reflex

A

Up to 2 months

If head moved abruptly, baby extends arms/legs

53
Q

Tactile-kinaesthetic stimulation (massage)

A

38% U.S. NICU

Findings of study: both groups ate same amount but massage group grew at higher rate

54
Q

What does Huntingtons Disease affect?

A

Muscle coordination and cognitive function

55
Q

If parents do not have PKU but they are both carriers, what is likelihood that you will get it?

A

25% or 1/4

56
Q

What organs do people with AIS have?

A

No internal organs, without ovaries

57
Q

What can be given to mothers/infants to speed lung development for preterm infants?

A

Steroids

58
Q

Foetuses can ____ and _____in the womb

A

Hear; learn

59
Q

Perceptual narrowing

A

Gradual loss of ability to distinguish between faces, sounds and language over the first year of life

Believed to be due to synaptic pruning

60
Q

Case study: Hopi Indian babies

A

Babies were strapped to bed all day unless on mothers back.

This shows experience is not important.

61
Q

Phenotype

A

Behavioural genetics

E.g. foot on chair at dinner

62
Q

Where is Huntingtons first noticed?

A

Physical movement

63
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer

Forms muscles, bones and circulatory system

64
Q

NICU

A

Neonatal intensive care unit

65
Q

Case Study: SIDS and Tummy Time

A

Babies slept on backs to reduce SIDS rate, leading to delay in gross motor development. Compensate with allocated “tummy time”

66
Q

Limit of viability for preterm infant

A

24 weeks

They will have 50% survival rate

67
Q

When is AIS detected?

A

Puberty

68
Q

What were the findings of Walton et al’s rat study (1992)?

A

Swimming: Suspension disrupted swimming, and impacted on development but only mildly (sensitive period)

Walking: suspension disrupted walking abilities permanently (critical period)

69
Q

E.g of environmental impact on development in Northern China

A

Sandbag for toilet training impedes their locomotor development (walking)

70
Q
  • Walson et al. (1992) *
A

Rats suspended on back legs during swimming and walking.

71
Q

Recessive genes ONLY express phenotype when seen in the ___________ state.

A

homozygous

E.g. grey/blue/green eyes: bb

72
Q

Swimming relex

A

Infant will paddle and kick if placed face down in water

73
Q

Which gene has Huntingtons been isolated?

A

Chromosome 4

74
Q

What study shows infants will recognise mothers milk?

A

They will turn their head to pad

75
Q

If both parents have Huntingtons, what is the likelihood that you will get it?

A

75%

Punnets square: HH Hh Hh hh

76
Q

Do newborns prefer salty or sweet?

A

Sweet

77
Q

What does Huntingtons target?

A

Basal ganglia

78
Q

Atypical development: depression, stress and 5-HTT Transporter

A

Life stress predicted depressive episode, but only in carriers of the short allele

79
Q

Galant reflex

A

Infant swings towards side of body that is stroked

81
Q

What happens between 7-8 weeks for XY, in terms of sex determination for humans?

A

Testosterone makes the WS develop into male external and internal genitalia. MS is absorbed.

82
Q

Chromosomes are made of…
__ pairs of autosomes and;
Sex _ and _ chromosome.

A

22

X Y

82
Q

Babies acuity

A

40x worse than adults

83
Q

What does XY foetus need to develop male genitalia?

A

Testosterone

84
Q

Embryonic period is formation of _____. How many weeks?

A

Major organs; 3-8

85
Q

Embryonic period

A

Blastocyst implants in the uterine wall

86
Q

What is the only sense that develops postnatally?

A

Vision

87
Q

Difference between Mullerian and Wolffian ducts?

A 
Mullerian = precursor to female organs
Wolffian = precursor to male organs
88
Q

Babkin reflex

A

Pressure on palms of both hands leads to opening of infants mouth

89
Q

If one parent has Huntingtons, what is the likelihood that you will get it?

A

50%

90
Q

What is one of the first senses to develop in utero?

A

Olfaction (smell)

91
Q

Babies outperform adults in which perceptual discrimination tasks?

A

Face perception
Speech perception
Intermodal perception

92
Q

Name disorder caused by: dominant gene, and recessive gene

A 
Dominant = Huntingtons
Recessive = Phenylketonuria (PKU)
93
Q

What conditioning procedure was used in De Casper & Spence (1986) - Cat in the Hat?

A

Operant conditioning - sucking is reinforced by certain sounds

94
Q

Most reinforcing sounds in Cat in the Hat study?

A

Similar to those heard in utero - Cat in the Hat story

95
Q

Kelly et al. (2007)

A
  • 3mo Chin, ME, Cauc
  • 6mo ME, Cauc
  • 9mo Cauc
96
Q

Kelly et al. (2009)

A
  • 3mo Af, Cauc, Chin
  • 6mo Cauc, Chin
  • 9mo Chin
97
Q

Conditioned Head Turn (Werker, 1997)

A

R+ is rabbit for new sound. They discriminate sounds - lah and rah (Japan)

98
Q

Werker & Tees (1984)

A

Discriminating ‘kuh’ and ‘queh’

99
Q

Intersensory perception

A

Babies can discriminate language from lipreading, until 8mo

PSYC2061: Developmental (2 decks)

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