PSYC112 M2

Question 1

Two main types of research design

Answer 1

1. Longitudinal - same people over time
2. Cross sectional - Specific point in time

Question 2

Jean Piaget (1896-1980). 4 stages cognitive development.

Answer 2

1. Sensorimotor stage - ≤ 2 years.
2. Preoperational stage - 2-7 years
3. Concrete operation stage - 7-12 years
4. Formal operations stage - 12 years up

Question 3

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 3

Object permanence:
- ≤ 3 months, don’t follow
- 3 months, tracking, stare at point disappearance
- 5 months, anticipate outcome
- 8 months, search hidden. (A not B error)
- 12 months, search last place seen
Schema Formation:
- Assimilation, new info modified to fit existing schema
- Accomodation, modify schema by new experience.
Representational thought:
- Learn to represent something in their mind.

Question 4

A not B error

Answer 4

Look last place found the object not where they last saw it.

Question 5

Two types of schema Formation:

Answer 5

• Assimilation, new info modified to fit existing schema
• Accomodation, modify schema by new experience.

Question 6

Preoperational stage

Answer 6

2-7, think more logically, classification and categorisation.
Failure of conservation:
- Understanding properties (mass) object remain the same despite different arrangements
Egocentrism:
- Failure to understand people have different perspectives

Question 7

Concrete operation stage

Answer 7

7-12, better at logic, lack hypothetical thinking. Emphasise thought and feeling of others. Cant abstract out.

Question 8

Formal operations stage

Answer 8

12 up. Abstract reasoning.
Metacognition:
- thinking about own thought processes, need to be exposed to scientific thinking.

Question 9

Two main criticisms of Piagets theory

Answer 9

1. Babies don’t start with nothing
   - Space and objects
   - Number and mathematical reasoning
   - Social cognition
2. Cognitive development is not staged

Question 10

What is social development (4 points)

Answer 10

1. forming bonds with others
2. Socially acceptable behaviour
3. Good friends and allies
4. Deal with adversaries

Question 11

Attachement

Answer 11

First bond formed with primary caregiver.

Question 12

3 types of emotional development

Answer 12

Expressing emotions, Understanding others feelings, Emotion regulation

Question 13

Moral development

Answer 13

Behaviour conforms to general accepted set of rules

Question 14

Kohlberg’s Theory - found that the earliest form of moral development

Answer 14

Earliest form tends to be fear of punishment

Question 15

Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development

Answer 15

1. preconventional - punishment, obedience and pleasure
2. Conventional - Maintaining relations and social order (How people see them and obeying laws)
3. Post-conventional - Social contracts, Ethical principles

Question 16

Mophological sex

Answer 16

What gender you look like, organs, genetics

Question 17

gender identity

Answer 17

Private sense of gender (generally matches morphological sex)

Question 18

Gender role

Answer 18

Expectations about ways which men and women should behave - according to culture and religion

Question 19

Gender stereotype

Answer 19

Beliefs about difference in behaviours, abilities and personality traits of each gender

Question 20

what age does a child knowledge whether they are a girl or a boy - and can assign genders with the change if characteristics (boy if has short hair)

Answer 20

Age 3

Question 21

What development of gender happen at 18 months

Answer 21

Preference of gender typed toys

Question 22

Age 5 gender development:

Answer 22

Gender is known as a constant

Question 23

Gandelman (1977)

Answer 23

Exposure of tester one = more ‘male-like’ behaviour in female

Question 24

Ward (1972)

Answer 24

Males deprived of testosterone behave more like females, male rats show a back arch.

Question 25

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Answer 25

Adrenal glands produce too much testosterone, genetic female morphologically looks more male

Question 26

label the 5 stages of children’s drawings

Answer 26

1. Scribbing (2-3 y) - non representative
2. Preschematic (3-4 y) - Circle head, line legs
3. Schematic (5-6 y) - Develop schema, detail, emergence of neck
4. Realistic (9 y) - Detail, expressions
5. Period of indecision - Art is either left alone or not

Question 27

Butler, Gross & Hayne (1995)

Answer 27

Fire station - free recall or free real and draw
- With draw can recall more info and more accurate

Question 28

Verbal report

Answer 28

Free recall highly accurate, brief and less detail

Question 29

Socially driven suggestibility

Answer 29

Child agrees with what was said but know themselves it was wrong. Feel pressured to give it.

Question 30

Cognitively driven suggestibility

Answer 30

Come to believe the information, changing their memory of the situation

Question 31

Potential Problems for child witnesses (4)

Answer 31

1. Lack of knowledge (vocabulary, procedure)
2. Confronting the accused (less likely to incriminate)
3. Courtroom environment (Strangers, isolated, elevated)
4. Cross-examination (leading questions, reduce accuracy)

Question 32

Three options for children to give SA evidence

Answer 32

1. Screen shielding
2. CCTV from another room
3. Video tape of testimony

Question 33

Imaginary companions appear at what age bracket

Answer 33

2-4 years old

Question 34

Why do children develop Imaginary Companions?

Answer 34

• Scapegoat, protector
• Overcome fears or anxiety
• Surrogate for real friends

Question 35

what age does attachment object peak

Answer 35

2 years

Question 36

Sesame Street evaluation (Hall & Bogatz 1970)

Answer 36

all children writing improved but improved more as they watched more
- Disadvantaged backgrounds showed largest gains