PSYC112 M2 Flashcards
Two main types of research design
- Longitudinal - same people over time
- Cross sectional - Specific point in time
Jean Piaget (1896-1980). 4 stages cognitive development.
- Sensorimotor stage - ≤ 2 years.
- Preoperational stage - 2-7 years
- Concrete operation stage - 7-12 years
- Formal operations stage - 12 years up
Sensorimotor stage
Object permanence:
- ≤ 3 months, don’t follow
- 3 months, tracking, stare at point disappearance
- 5 months, anticipate outcome
- 8 months, search hidden. (A not B error)
- 12 months, search last place seen
Schema Formation:
- Assimilation, new info modified to fit existing schema
- Accomodation, modify schema by new experience.
Representational thought:
- Learn to represent something in their mind.
A not B error
Look last place found the object not where they last saw it.
Two types of schema Formation:
- Assimilation, new info modified to fit existing schema
- Accomodation, modify schema by new experience.
Preoperational stage
2-7, think more logically, classification and categorisation.
Failure of conservation:
- Understanding properties (mass) object remain the same despite different arrangements
Egocentrism:
- Failure to understand people have different perspectives
Concrete operation stage
7-12, better at logic, lack hypothetical thinking. Emphasise thought and feeling of others. Cant abstract out.
Formal operations stage
12 up. Abstract reasoning.
Metacognition:
- thinking about own thought processes, need to be exposed to scientific thinking.
Two main criticisms of Piagets theory
- Babies don’t start with nothing
- Space and objects
- Number and mathematical reasoning
- Social cognition - Cognitive development is not staged
What is social development (4 points)
- forming bonds with others
- Socially acceptable behaviour
- Good friends and allies
- Deal with adversaries
Attachement
First bond formed with primary caregiver.
3 types of emotional development
Expressing emotions, Understanding others feelings, Emotion regulation
Moral development
Behaviour conforms to general accepted set of rules
Kohlberg’s Theory - found that the earliest form of moral development
Earliest form tends to be fear of punishment
Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development
- preconventional - punishment, obedience and pleasure
- Conventional - Maintaining relations and social order (How people see them and obeying laws)
- Post-conventional - Social contracts, Ethical principles
Mophological sex
What gender you look like, organs, genetics
gender identity
Private sense of gender (generally matches morphological sex)
Gender role
Expectations about ways which men and women should behave - according to culture and religion
Gender stereotype
Beliefs about difference in behaviours, abilities and personality traits of each gender
what age does a child knowledge whether they are a girl or a boy - and can assign genders with the change if characteristics (boy if has short hair)
Age 3
What development of gender happen at 18 months
Preference of gender typed toys
Age 5 gender development:
Gender is known as a constant
Gandelman (1977)
Exposure of tester one = more ‘male-like’ behaviour in female
Ward (1972)
Males deprived of testosterone behave more like females, male rats show a back arch.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Adrenal glands produce too much testosterone, genetic female morphologically looks more male
label the 5 stages of children’s drawings
- Scribbing (2-3 y) - non representative
- Preschematic (3-4 y) - Circle head, line legs
- Schematic (5-6 y) - Develop schema, detail, emergence of neck
- Realistic (9 y) - Detail, expressions
- Period of indecision - Art is either left alone or not
Butler, Gross & Hayne (1995)
Fire station - free recall or free real and draw
- With draw can recall more info and more accurate
Verbal report
Free recall highly accurate, brief and less detail
Socially driven suggestibility
Child agrees with what was said but know themselves it was wrong. Feel pressured to give it.
Cognitively driven suggestibility
Come to believe the information, changing their memory of the situation
Potential Problems for child witnesses (4)
- Lack of knowledge (vocabulary, procedure)
- Confronting the accused (less likely to incriminate)
- Courtroom environment (Strangers, isolated, elevated)
- Cross-examination (leading questions, reduce accuracy)
Three options for children to give SA evidence
- Screen shielding
- CCTV from another room
- Video tape of testimony
Imaginary companions appear at what age bracket
2-4 years old
Why do children develop Imaginary Companions?
- Scapegoat, protector
- Overcome fears or anxiety
- Surrogate for real friends
what age does attachment object peak
2 years
Sesame Street evaluation (Hall & Bogatz 1970)
all children writing improved but improved more as they watched more
- Disadvantaged backgrounds showed largest gains
