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Fresher > PSYC112 M1 > Flashcards

PSYC112 M1 Flashcards

1
Q

Phoneme

A

Single unit of sound that changes the meaning

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2
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest language unit that carries meaning. Prefixes, Suffixes, Words

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3
Q

Content morphemes/words

A

Unbound words, carry meaning. Semantic processing

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4
Q

Function morphemes/words

A

Syntactic processing, add detail

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5
Q

Bound morphemes

A

Don’t stand on their own, have to be joined with words. Suffixes, Prefixes

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6
Q

Semantic processing

A

Relies on processing of content words. Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives etc

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7
Q

Syntactic processing

A

Relies on processing function words. Pronouns, Conjunctions, Prepositions etc

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8
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to produce and understand language

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9
Q

Brocas area

A

Near motor cortex. Is the production of speech and language. Puts words together.

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10
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

Broken speech. Impacts of syntax or grammar

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11
Q

Wernickes area

A

Located near the primary auditory complex. Translates sounds or signals/symbols into meaning.

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12
Q

Syntax

A

Structure of language. Rules of ordering words.

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13
Q

What is syntax cued by?

A

Word class, word order helps the identification of word class.

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14
Q

What is the English word order?

A

Subject-Verb-object

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15
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Inability to produce and/or understand language

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16
Q

Surface structure

A

Words organised differently but the underlying meaning is the same

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17
Q

Deep structure

A

Words organised the same but the meaning of the sentence is ambiguous

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18
Q

Cooing

A

2 months, vocal play

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19
Q

Reduplicated babble

A

6-7 months, same symbol repeatedly

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20
Q

Variegated babble

A

11-12 months, syllables with different constants and vowels. At 10 months babble in diff languages is different.

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21
Q

Under extension

A

Incorrect restriction of words (Dog only for their dog not others)

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22
Q

Overextension

A

Using word to refer to all things similar (dog for cats and dogs)

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23
Q

Holophrases

A

Single word for an entire statement

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24
Q

What are the three theories that children acquire knowledge?

A
  1. Language is innately acquired
  2. Children learn through general learning mechanisms
  3. Language is learned through social interaction
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25
Q

Pidgin Languages

A

Invented language drawing on words and grammar from a group of languages

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26
Q

Creoles

A

The pidgin language is acquired as a native language. Gramatically more complex than the original Pidgin language.

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27
Q

Sensitive period

A

Ideal time to acquire certain parts of language. Syntax is acquired more readily.

28
Q

What evidence is there for sensitive period?

A
  1. Isolated children - Genie
  2. Deaf Signers
29
Q

Independent cultures

A

Personal goals take priority over group goals.

30
Q

Interdependent culture

A

self concept is part of the group therefore, group goals take priority

31
Q

Representation

A

knowledge of the world which forms the content of our thoughts

32
Q

What two ways do we represent the world to ourselves?

A
  1. Analogical - mental images
  2. Symbolic - Propositional thoughts (internal statements)
33
Q

Analogical Mental Representations

A

picture represents concept of the thing and has many similarities to it. Access without It infront of you

34
Q

Symbolic Representations

A

Statements that express ideas. unambiguous internal representation that defines a group or set of objects/events.

35
Q

Propositions

A

Statements that express ideas, relationships between concepts. Connect to parts of semantic network.

36
Q

What are the two forms of reasoning?

A
  1. Deductive - Start with a belief and find the implications of the belief.
  2. Inductive - Start with pieces of data and draw conclusions from it
37
Q

Belief Bias

A

Judge whether conclusion is plausible on its own rather than follow logic.

38
Q

Conformation bias

A

Seek confirmation rather than falsify

39
Q

Heuristics

A

Short cuts to make decisions faster

40
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Probability estimates are influenced by easiness to retrieve info

41
Q

What are the three general problem solving strategies?

A
  1. Trial and error - kids use more as don’t know what is going on.
  2. Algorithm - Rule that guarantees a solution, used for well defined problems.
  3. Heuristics (Means-end analysis) - Strategies by adults, don’t guarantee solution but often work.
42
Q

Means-end analysis

A

Work step by step to get closer to goal as you solve the problem. Monitor each step to see how much closer

43
Q

Hill climbing

A

Change of present state of problem so you are one step closer to solving it.

44
Q

Creative problem solving

A

Change representation of problem
- Divergent thinking
- Framing a problem

45
Q

Solving by analogy

A

Think of previous solution use same way for present problem. Can see similarities.

46
Q

Barriers to solving problems

A
  1. Mental set
  2. Functional fixedness
47
Q

Whorfian Hypothesis

A

Having a specific language determines how we think.

48
Q

Evidence that supports Whorfian hypothesis

A
  1. Colour perception
  2. Space and time
  3. Culture and thinking style
49
Q

Colour perception evidence

A

Russians blues experiment. Russian, faster to discriminate colours between categories than within. English had no categorical advantage.

50
Q

What are the two spaces of time?

A
  1. Ego-moving
  2. Time moving
51
Q

Ego-moving

A

Forward is a spacial term relatied to time concept - moving into future

52
Q

Time-Moving

A

Time moving towards you, future moving past.

53
Q

Boroditsky 2001

A

Spatial metafors for time.
Mandarin think time vertically
English think time horizontally

54
Q

Western thinking styles

A

Analytic - focus on objects and properties
- Preference for avoiding contradictions

55
Q

Eastern thinking styles

A

Holistic - More wholistic way of thinking of world
- Preference for compromise and tolerance for contradictions

56
Q

What is absolute thinking style and Relative thinking style?

A

Absolute - ignoring contextual information
Relative - Incorporating contextual information

57
Q

Samuel Morton (1820-185)

A

Head size relates to intelligence - rank races

58
Q

Paul brocca (1824-1880)

A

Heavier brain = more intelligent. Gender biases

59
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Able to learn, perceive and deal with new problems. Declines after adolecence

60
Q

Crystalised intelligence

A

Able to acquire over time, draw on previous knowledge.
Increases with age.

61
Q

SternBerg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

A
  1. Analytic intelligence
  2. Creative intelligence
  3. Practical intelligence
62
Q

Gardners theory of multiple intelligences

A

Many types of intelligences, some are high in sorts and low in others

63
Q

What is intelligence?

A

Set of mental abilities, acquire and use of knowledge, plan and solve problems by taking thought and adapt effectively with environment. learn from experiences

64
Q

Finding of twin study

A

Intelligence is not fixed. Environmental factors relate to child IQ. High heritability doesn’t mean uninfluenced by environment.

65
Q

Spencer, Steele & Quinn (1999)

A

Stereotypes negatively impact performance

66
Q

Spencer, Steele & Quinn (1999)

A

Stereotypes negatively impact performance

Fresher (6 decks)

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