PSYC106 PT2 Flashcards
Philippe Pinel was the leading Modern Psychiatry when?
17th Century (1745-1826)
Who began classifying mental disorders?
Philippe Pinel
What is the reform of ‘Moral treatment’
The removing of ‘torture like tools’ and using Psychotherapy
Dorothea Dix accomplished?
The first generation of state-supported public mental asylums after noting that many of “insane” were in prisons
What is Deinstitutionalization
Getting people out of asylums and into the community
When did Deinstitutionalization occur
Mid 1950’s
Asylum in NZ opened when?
1854
When were mental asylums changed to mental hospitals?
1911
When were psychriatric hospitals closed?
1990’s
Psychiatrists have…
Medical Degree
Clinical psychologists have…
Doctral Degree
Psychotherapy is…
A fixed interaction between a client and a therapist that icorperates psychological principles
Features in therapy (5)
Attentive listening, Empathy, Nonverbal behaviours, Instilling hope (Caring attitude), Positive expectancies
What is the Placebo effect?
The procedure that has been ‘applied’ with the expectation that a healing response will occur
How do Placebos help
Trigger release of endorphins
Exerts activation of brain regions associated with pain
What did Smitt and Glass identify
75% clients are better off having therapy than not
Smith Glass and Millier found…
80% of those receiving therapy did better than those who did not receive therapy
Types of Therapy (5)
Psychodynamic Humanistic and existential Cognitive behavioural (CBT) Group Biological
Who founded Psychoanalysis therapy
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
What is Psychoanalysis?
The process of revealing the unconscious - understanding the unconscious
What is the tripartite model
The model divides the symptoms of anxiety and depression into three groups: negative affect, positive affect and physiological hyperarousal
What are the psychoanalytic techniques in Psychoanalysis?
Free association: client reports every thought that enters the mind
Dream analysis: Dreams being treated as a metaphor with unconscious confliction
Projective tests e.g ink blots
Resistance analysis
Resistance analysis steps in Psychoanalysis (4)
Confrontation
Clarification
Interpretation
Working through
What is Transference
Transferring onto therapist one’s infantile wishes in hope that therapist will gratify them
What is Countertransference
therapist’s own reactions transferred to the patient
Problems with Psychoanalytic therapy…
Conflicts about sex and aggression
Power imbalance between analyst and patient
Therapy needs to be consistent several days/months
Client-centered therapy looks at…
thoughts, abilities, cleverness of
client
Features of Client-centered therapy
Empathy, Unconditional positive regard, Genuineness
Gestalt Therapy focuses on…
The clients awareness of their thoughts, behaviours,
experiences and feelings, by focussing on the here and now (How did you get to this position)
What are Psychodynamic therapies?
Emphasise on early developmental processes as the source of psychological dysfunction
Cognitive and behavioural therapies are?
The focus on current factors that contribute to ‘misbehaviour’
Cognitive and behavioural therapies look at:
- dysfunctional thoughts
- maladaptive behaviours
- negative emotions
Behaviour Therapy is based on what?
Based on classical and operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
A learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus
Operant conditioning
A learning procedure that involves reinforcement and punishment
Aim for Behaviour Therapy (3)
- Eliminating unwanted behaviours
- Promoting desired behaviours
- Reducing unwanted emotional responses
Aversion therapy is….
Eliminating unwanted behaviours e.g smoking, drinking, etc
How to accomplish Aversion therapy
Use of operant conditioning
2 Categries of operant learning
Positive reinforcement to increase behaviours
Negative reinforcement to decrease behaviours
Shapping is…
systematic reinforcement of behaviours that successivelyapproximate desired behaviour
Extinction is…
non-reinforcement of a behaviour to decrease probability of a future response
Methods of fear reduction
- Systematic desensitization
- Exposure therapy
- Modeling
Goal of Systematic Desensitization
Overcome avoidance of fear by gradual exposure to the phobic object until it can be tolerated
Where was Systematic desensitisation crafted?
Developed from laboratory studies of
classical conditioning
3 Phases to achieve Systematic desensitisation…
- Learn deep muscle relaxation
- Develop a fear hierarchy
- Work up the fear hierarchy using relaxation to reduce anxiety until comfortable
Modelling is…
learning behaviour by observing and imitating others
Based on Social learning Theory
Virtual Reality Therapy is…
Type of systematic desensitisation
A T Beck created
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Theory aims to…
help the person identify and correct distorted or unhelpful thinking that leads to emotional and behavioural problems
Rational Emotive Therapy - the A,B,C
A = Activating event in the environment B = Belief triggered in client’s mind by event C = Emotional consequence of the belief
What part of Rational Emotive Therapy attempts to target therapy (A,B,C?)
B - Belief triggered in client’s mind by event
Group therapy helps with
social learning
How does family therapy work?
The family is the unit of treatment - Trying to solve faultily communication
Antipsychotic medications helped to manage what disease
Schizophrenia (1950s - 1960s)
Antipsychotic medications may block
dopamine receptors
Examples of Atypical antipsychotics
(clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine)
Anti-anxiety medications =
Benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam, temazepam)
Serotonin and noradrenaline do what in cells
Reuptake inhibitors
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is
a magnet placed above right or left eyebrow to stimulate right or left prefrontal cortex - treats depression
Electroconvulsive therapy helps with
treats server depression - may also impair short term memory
