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2019/20 > PSYC102 - 13 > Flashcards

PSYC102 - 13 Flashcards

1
Q

How many children with mental disorders receive treatment and what disorder is most commonly treated?

A

50%, ADHD most likely, anxiety least likely

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2
Q

How were mental illnesses previously treated?

A

Believed to be caused by possession, witchcraft…

Treated by trephining (hole in scull to release spirit), exorcisms

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3
Q

Who was Philippe Pinel?

A

Argued for patients to be unchained and talked to in asylums, created La Salpetriere in 1795

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4
Q

What did Dorethea Dix do?

A

Focused on mental health reforms in 19th century

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5
Q

What percent of homeless adults in shelters experience mental illness?

A

26%

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6
Q

Psychotherapy vs biomedical therapy

A

Psychotherapy - psychological treatment employing methods to help overcome personal problems
Biomedical - involves medication/medical procedures

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7
Q

Psychodynamic psychotherapy/Psychoanalysis

A

Developed by Freud, takes years

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8
Q

Free association

A

Patient relaxes and says what comes to mind, used in psychoanalysis

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9
Q

Define transference

A

Patient transfers +/- emotions with relationships to psychoanalyst

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10
Q

Define Play Theory

A

Used with children to play out their hopes/traumas while using toyes

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11
Q

Non-directive vs Directive play theory

A

Non-directive - children encouraged to play freely

Directive - Therapist provides structure in play session

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12
Q

Define Behaviour theory

A

Change undesirable behaviour by teaching constructive behaviours using operant/classical conditioning

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13
Q

Define Counterconditioning and its types

A

Client learns new response to stimulus that has previously elicited undersidable behaviour
Aversive conditioning and exposure therapy

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14
Q

Define Aversive conditioning

A

Uses unpleasant stimulus to stop undersirable behaviour

Used to eliminate addictive behaviours

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15
Q

Define exposure therapy

A

Treat fear/anxiety by presenting situation to make patient get used to stimulus
First used in 1925 by Mary Cover Jones with Peter and rabbits
Systemic desensitization and VR exposure therapy

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16
Q

Define Systemic desensitization

A

Type of exposure therapy where calm state is gradually associated with increased levels of anxiety inducing stimuli

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17
Q

Define Applied behaviour analysis

A

Type of operant conditioning in behaviour therapy that uses child specific reinforcers as a reward for autistic children, with punishment such as timeout to discourage behaviours

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18
Q

Define token economy

A

Type of operant conditioning in behaviour therapy using a controlled setting where individuals are reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for items and privileges

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19
Q

Define Cognitive therapy

A

Focuses on how thoughts lead to feelings of distress, how you think determines how you feel and act
Developed by Aaron Beck in 1960s

20
Q

Define Cognitive Behavioural therapy

A

Rational emotive therapy (RET), ABC model

21
Q

What is RET?

A

Developed by Albert Ellis, examines how thoughts affects behaviour
Change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviours

22
Q

Define Cognitive distortions

A

All-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, jumping to conclusions

23
Q

What is the ABC model?

A

Actions, Belief (about event), Consequences (of this belief)

24
Q

What is the humanistic theory

A

Help to achieve full potential and accept oneself

Client centered therapy: non-directive therapy

25
Q

What are 3 factors for successful psychotherapy treatment

A
  1. Use of evidence based treatment that is appropriate for issue
  2. Clinical expertise of psychologist
  3. Own characteristics
26
Q

What are antipsychotics

A

Developed in the 1950s, used for schizophrenia and thought disorders.
Treat auditory/visual hallucinations, delusions, paranoia by blocking dopamine
Can lead to tardive dyskinesia, involunary arm/leg movement
Haldol, Mellaril, Proloxin, Thorazine

27
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Developed in 80s for schizophrenia and thought disorders
Treat symptoms of schizophrenia (withdrawal and apathy) by targeting dopamine and serotonin receptors
Can increase risk of obesity an diabetes
1. Quetiapine (Seroquel)
2. Olanzapine + SSRI (symbyax)
3. Aripiprazole (abilify)

28
Q

Antidepressants

A

Alter serotonin and norepinephrine levels
Two types:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft
Tricyclics: Tofranil, Elavil

29
Q

Anti-anxiety agents

A

Depress CNS activity
Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue
Xanax, Valium, Ativan

30
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A 
Treat bipolar disorders
Treat depression and mania episodes
1. Lithium - John Cade in 1949, prevents cycling
2. Anticonvulsants
3. Atypical antipsychotics
31
Q

Stimulants

A

Treat ADHD
Decrease appetite, difficulty sleeping
Adderall, Retalin

32
Q

Addiction

A

Viewed as chronic disease with 40-60% relapse

33
Q

Treatments of depression

A

Somatic Treatments: Electrocunvulsive therapy, Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Non Pharmacological Treatments: CBT, Sleep deprivation, exercise
Pharmacological Treatments:
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, selective monamine reuptake inhibitors, atypical antidepressants, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

34
Q

Neurotransmitters involved in depression

A

Monoamines:

  • Catecholamines: Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
  • Indolamines: Serotonine

Neurotransmitters are removed from synapse by deactivating enzymes or reuptake, drugs for depression use reuptake

35
Q

Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

Treat depression
Iproniazid was first antidepressant (1957) used first for tuberculosis. Increases synaptic levels of monoamines by inhibiting the deactivating enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO)

36
Q

What is the cheese effect?

A

Foods with tyramine (cheese, wine) increase BP
MAO in liver breaks down tyramine
Increase in BP can lead to stroke

37
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

Imipramine was used first, thought to be anti-schizophrenic
Block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
Safer that MAOIs

38
Q

Atypical Antidepressants

A

Bupropion - favourable side effects, dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

39
Q

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty acids

A

Used for clinical depression

40
Q

Bipolar Disorder Treatment

A

Non-pharmacological: CBT for depressive phases, potentially manic as well
- Coping strategies: Reality checking, 48 hr rule, avoiding certain types of thinking (all or nothing, catastrophizing/fortune telling, mind reading, overgeneralization)
Pharmacological Treatment: Antidepressants (depressive phase), Antipsychotics (mania)

41
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

Not as effective as lithium

  1. Valproate semisodium (epival, depakote)
  2. Lamotrigine (lamictal)
42
Q

Treatment of Schizophrenia

A

Non-pharmacological: CBT, insight therapy and counselling

Pharmacological: Antypsychotics

43
Q

Dopamine Theory

A

Schizophrenia is caused by too much dopamine receptor activity
Brains of parkinson’s have decreased dopamine an antipsychotics produce similar symptoms
Drugs known to increase dopamine produce similar symptoms of schizophrenia
Efficacy of antipsychotics is correlated with the degree it blocks dopamine receptor activity
Problems: atypical antipsychotics produce a large variety of changes in the brain and are just as good as traditional antipsychotics, takes 2-3 weeks to work even though its effects on dopamine is immediate, most patients show no change in first antipsychotic

44
Q

Treating Anxiety disorders

A 
Non-pharmacological: CBT
Pharmacological:
1. Benzodiazepines
2. Antidepressants
3. Buspirone
45
Q

Benzodiazapines

A

Used in 10% of NAs, taken for short period
Also for hypnotics and anticonvulsants
Side effects: sedation, addiction, withdrawal

46
Q

Buspiron

A

Increase serotonin receptors, less side effects than benzodiazepines

47
Q

Treating personality disorders

A

Dialectical Behaviours therapy - Marsha Lineham for acceptance and change
Pharmacological: antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics

2019/20 (2 decks)

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