Psyc/Soc Flashcards
Selective attention theories
Broadbent Early selection- pre perceptual filter
Deutsche and deutsche - post perceptual filter
Treisman Attenuation - pre perceptual attenuator
Freud stages
Oral (0-1) Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-6) Latent (6-12) Sexual (12+)
Erikson’s stages
Trust vs Mistrust (0-1) Autonomy vs Shame (1-3) Initiative vs Guilt (3-6) Industry vs inferiority (6-12) Identity vs role confusion (12-18) Intimacy vs isolation (18-35) Generativity vs stagnation (35-65) Integrity vs despair (65+)
Piaget stages
Sensorimotor (0-2): object permanence
Pre-operational (2-7): egocentrism
Concrete operational (7-11): conservation
Formal operational (11+):
Catell Fluid vs Crystallized
Crystallized - accumulation of facts, rote memorization
Fluid - ability to think flexibly
Kohlberg stages of moral development
Pre conventional - obedience vs punishment (how to avoid punishment), self interest
Conventional - good boy and good girl (how to be liked), law and order
Post conventional - social contract, universal ethical principle (gandhi)
Projection bias
Assume others have same beliefs as we do
Groupthink vs group polarization
One polar view is accentuated
Tendency for people to conform
Humanistic theory
Rogers
Emphasizes good in humans
Concepts like self actualization
Five factor model
OCEAN
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Basic needs Safety Love Esteem Self actualization
Languagee acquisition device
Chomsky
Innate ability to acquire language
Sapir whorf hypothesis
Aka linguistic relativity
Structure of language affects worldview
Peptide vs steroid hormones
Fast and temporary
Slow and permanent
Visual system organization
Photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells
Cooley
Looking glass self
Intx with others shapes personality
Mead
I vs me
Me - “what they think of me”, view of self w.r.t how others think of the person
Folkway vs more
More - more punishment from violation
Assimilation vs amalgamation
Amalgamation results in new culture
Actor observer bias
Tendency to attribute own faults to external causes, others faults to internal causes
Anomie
No norms eads to deviance
Latent vs manifest functions
Latent have no intended consequence, manifest have intended consequence
Rational choice theory
Cost benefit
Social exchange theory
We value interactions that are rewarding, devalue those that are punishing
Vygotsky
Zone of proximal development
More knowledgeable other
Emotion theories
James lange - physiological arousal leads to emotion
Canon bard - emotions and arousal occur at the same time
Schatcher singer - physiological arousal and cognition combine to create emotion
Stages of sleep
Awake - alpha waves Stage 1 - theta Stage 2 - theta, K complexes, sleep spindles Stage 3,4 - delta waves /deep sleep REM - beta waves
Social reproduction
Transmission of inequalities from one generator to the next
Cultural relativism opposite
Ethnocentrism
Classical conditioning example
US - food
UR - salivate
CS - bell
CR - salivate
Gestalt
Similarity Proximity Figure ground Closure continuity
Theories of intelligence
Spearmans general intelligence g
Gardners multiple intelligence
Galtons hereditary genius
Binet’s mental age: some childrens mental age is higher than avg
Assimilation vs accomodation
Accomodation: we change how we think to accomodate new info
Assimilation: we change the new info so that it fits our schemas
Implicit memory
Procedural memory
Reaction formation
Acting opposite to how you feel: e.g. hating someone you love
Regression
Going back to an earlier (childhood) behavior
E.g. bedwetting after trauma
Sublimation
Channelling aggressive energy into art or something productive
Projection
Im not angry you are
Wernicke area
Temporal lobe
Comprehension
Broca area
Frontal lobe
Speech
Language hemisphere
Left
Hypothalamus
Homeostatic equilibrium
Cocaine
Stimulant - increase glucose mobilization
Heroin
Pain relief
Operant extinction
Researcher stops giving reinforcements and the behavioural response stops
Stimulus generalization
Pavlov dogs salivating to other bell tones
Stimulus discrimination
Pavlov dogs only salivating to a specific tone
Instinctual drift
Tendency for animal to revert to innate behaviour after having learned a behaviour via operant conditioning
Sensory memory
Gets transferred to short term memory
Proximal vs distal stimulus
E.g. light falling on retina vs tree
Gestalt psychology
The way perception is organized is based on how the brain is organized
Behaviorism vs cognitive psych
Behaviorists think actions are influenced by external environment
Cognitive psych think actions are influenced by mental state
Feature detectors
Neurons that have specific abilities to detect certain features
Monozygotic vs dizygotic twins
Develop from same egg and sperm that split
Develop from two separate egg and sperm pairs
Incentive theory
Factors outside individuals (community, culture) can create incentives
E.g. to get someone to quit smokin
Social cognitive theory
Behaviors are learned by observing others
Modeling
Observational learning
Symbolic interactionism
Examines micro interactions
Looking glass self
Self concept influenced by how we perceive others view us
Nucleus accumbens
Reward
Universal emotions
Happy, sad, fear, anger, disgust, surprise
Place theory
Place on basilar membrane indicates pitch
Interposition
Visual system. One object on top of other object
Parallel processing
Vision. Brain divides vision inti color, motion, depth, shape
Brain imaging
PET - glucose flow
fMRI - blood flow
CT - like xray
Reliability vs validity
Consistency vs accuracy
Clusters personality disorders
A - schizo type/weird
B - wild
C - worried
General adaptation syndrome
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Freud iceberg
Id - unconscious
Ego- preconscious and conscious
Superego - all 3
Eysenck traits
3 factor model
Psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism
Deindividuation
Getting carried away with the group that you lose your own thinking
Bottom up vs top down processing
Bottom up starts with information in the environment that is perceived
Top down starts with a cognition
Bottom up vs top down processing
Bottom up starts with information in the environment that is perceived
Top down starts with a cognition
Conversion disorder
Sudden loss of vision or paralysis due to stressor
Hallucinogens
Low risk of dependence
Dissociative disorder
Sudden lack of connection between memories or identity
Discrimination vs prejudice
Discrimination- involves differential treatment
Avoidance vs escape
Escape requires there to be an aversive stimulus in the first place
Classical conditioning stages
Acquisition (CS + UCS)
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Functionalism
Manifest vs latent
Conflict theory
Struggle for limited resources shapes social structure
Conflict theory
Struggle for limited resources shapes social structure
Functionalism
Manifest vs latent
Classical conditioning stages
Acquisition (CS + UCS)
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Avoidance vs escape
Escape requires there to be an aversive stimulus in the first place
Discrimination vs prejudice
Discrimination- involves differential treatment
Dissociative disorder
Sudden lack of connection between memories or identity
Thomas theorem
If men define circumstances as real, they are real in their consequences
Thomas theorem
If men define circumstances as real, they are real in their consequences
