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Bio Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Hormones of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

A

Cortex - cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen

Medulla- epinephrine, norep

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3
Q

Hormones

Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

A

Anterior - ACTH, prolactin

Posterior- ADH, oxytocin

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4
Q

ADH vs aldosterone

A

ADH promotes water retention in kidneys in response to thirst

Aldosterone promotes salt resorption in kidneys in response to high blood pressure

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5
Q

Hormones produced by thyroid

A

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

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6
Q

Calcitonin

A

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts and reduce breakdown of bone (stay Calcified)

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7
Q

Tricuspid vs bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

Tricuspid - between right ventricle and atrium

Bicuspid - between left ventricle and atrium

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8
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Stimulates production of RBCs in the bone marrow

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9
Q

Bohr effect factors contributing to lower oxygen affinity to hemoglobin

Constitutes _____ shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

High CO2, low pH, high temp

Right shift

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10
Q

Order of emptying in kidney

A

Collecting duct empties at tip of renal pyramid (papillae) -> calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter

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11
Q

Functions of each part of nephron

A 
PCT - reabsorption of amino acids, etc
Descending loop of Henle - H2O out
Ascending loop of Henle - Na+ out 
DCT - aldosterone acts to reabsorb salts, ADH acts to reabsorb H2O
Collecting duct-resorption of H2O
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12
Q

Angiotensin II function

A

Stimulates aldosterone release and increases BP

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13
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells location and function

A

In afferent arteriole

Monitor systemic BP
Secrete renin which eventually results in secretion of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor

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14
Q

Hypoventilation leads to

A

Acidosis in blood

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15
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

HCl

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16
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen -> pepsin (by acidic gastric pH)

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17
Q

CCK

A

Hormone secreted by walls of duodenum when excess acidity is detected to prevent stomach emptying

Stimulates bile release

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18
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone secreted by G cells in stomach wall to promote gastric motility. Leads to histamine production which activates parietal cell HCl secretion

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19
Q

Lacteals

A

Absorb fats into lymphatic system which dumps into thoracic duct then bloodstream

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20
Q

Peyers patches

A

Lymphocytes in villi

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21
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

In duodenum, break peptides and carbs into amino acids and monosaccharides

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22
Q

Bile functions

A

A conduit for waste disposal

Fat absorption

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23
Q

Secretin

A

Stimulates pancreatic release of HCO3- to buffer pH in duodenum

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24
Q

Liver functions (4)

A

Releases glucose stored as glycogen
Makes urea out of toxic ammonia
Make HDL, VLDL, LDL out of chylomicron remnants
Makes clotting proteins

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25
Q

Calcitriol

A

Made by kidneys and promotes uptake of calcium in intestines

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26
Q

How is Angiotensin II made?

A

JG cells -> renin
Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

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27
Q

Troponin-tropomyosin complex

A

Ca2+ binds troponin, which then moves tropomyosin away from myosin binding sites.

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28
Q

Action potential from NMJ to muscle contraction

A

AP arrives at NMJ, increase in Ca2+ at axon terminal, release of ACh which binds myofibril’s channels, opens voltage gated Na+ channels in myofiber, propagation through T tubules and SR, release of Ca2+ by SR, myosin binding sites in sarcomere exposed

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29
Q

Types of muscle fibres

A

Slow twitch red oxidative - lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, lasts long

Type IIA fast twitch - some mitochondria
Type IIB fast twitch - no mitochondria, provides strong force, tires easily

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30
Q

Yellow marrow vs Red marrow

A

Yellow - in long bones

Red - in spongy bone in flat bones. Site of hematopoietic

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31
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline (trachea)
Elastic (ear)
Fibrous (pelvic area) very stiff

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32
Q

Types of joints

A

Synarthroses (skull)
Amphiarthroses (vertebrae) slightly movable
Diarthroses (elbow, shoulder)

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33
Q

Epiphysis and diaphysis

A

Epiphysis - end part of long bones

Diaphysis - middle part of long bones

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34
Q

Compact bone elements

A

Osteon consists of

Lacunae containing osteocytes
Which connects with other osteocytes via canaliculi
Lamellae - rings around Haversian canal
Volkmann canals - perpendicular

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35
Q

Action potential in heart

A

SA node-> AV node -> Bundle of His -> right and left branches -> purkinje fibres

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36
Q

Dermis vs epidermis

A

Dermis - sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, hair follicles

Hypodermis - adipose cells i.e. fat

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37
Q

Henry’s law

A

Concentration = partial pressure x solubility

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38
Q

List 8 lung capacities

A

ERV, IRV, RV, TV, FRC, IC, VC, TLC

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39
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

In testes, where spermatogenesis occurs

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40
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Nourish sperm

In walls of seminiferous tubules

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41
Q

Leydig cells

A

Make testosterone in testis

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42
Q

Sperm movement process

A

Made in testis -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> joins seminal vesicles -> empties into urethra

43
Q

Sperm development

A

Spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> spermatic -> spermatozoa

44
Q

MHC I vs MHC II

A

MHC I presents antigens from within cells

MHC II presents antigens from environment

45
Q

Structure of antibody

A 
Heavy chains (middle part) light chains (outside)
Variable region (tips) constant region
46
Q

LH and FSH in males

A

LH stimulate testosterone production (Leydig cells)

FSH stimulate Sertoli cells

47
Q

GnRH

A

Made in hypothalamus

Stimulates pituitary to secrete LH and FSH which influence gonads

48
Q

Egg development

A

Oogonia is arrested in prophase I
Meiosis I completed monthly -> first polar body + secondary oocyte
Meiosis II completed upon fertilization -> second polar body + ovum

49
Q

Parts of secondary oocyte

A

Outermost is granules a cells which become the corona radiata
Then zona pellucida

50
Q

Graafian follicle

A

Holds secondary oocyte and releases into fallopian tubes

51
Q

LH and FSH in females

A

FSH stimulates granulosa and thecal cells to develop

52
Q

Hormone cycle in female reproductive system

A

FSH leads to E secretion from granulosa and thecal cells
E inhibits LH, FSH, GnRH but afterward positive feedback with LH
LH surge causes ovulation and develops C.Luteum
C. Luteum secrete E/P
E/P inhibit LH, FSH, GnRH
Endometrium sloughed off when E/P drops

53
Q

Blocks to polyspermy

A

Fast block - depolarization of egg membrane prevents fusion with another sperm

Slow block - hardening of zona pellucida

54
Q

Blastula parts

A

Trophoblast - forms chorion

Inner cell mass - embryo, amnion, yolk sac, allantois

55
Q

Germ layers

A

Ectoderm - neural, epidermis, pituitary

Mesoderm - connective, urogenital, cardiovascular, dermis

Endoderm - GI epithelium and glands (pancreas etc.), bladder

56
Q

Cell differentiation types

A

Totipotent - become cells of trophoblast or ICM
Pluripotent - become any of the germ layers
Multipotent - become cells of certain tissues

57
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary
Uterine contractions
Milk release

58
Q

Gram + vs - bacteria

A

Gram + stain purple
Single thick wall

Gram - no stain
Thick wall and thin wall

59
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

3 Na out 2 K in

60
Q

Microglia

A

Clean up

61
Q

Mitosis phases

A

Interphase consists of G1, G2, S
S phase is genome replication
G1,G2 growth

62
Q

Wobble base pairing

tRNA -> mRNA

A

I -> A,U,C
G -> U
U -> G

63
Q

PTH

A

PTH stimulates osteoclasts and bone resorption

64
Q

DNA enzymes

Synthesis of DNA

A

Pol III in prok

Pol alpha and delta in euk

65
Q

DNA enzymes

Removal of RNA primers & reconstruction

A

Prok - DNA Pol I

Euk - RNAse H

66
Q

Ribosome subunits

A

Prok- 70S composed of 50S and 30S
Euk- 80S composed of 60S and 40S

Prok has the 23S/16S RNA
Euk has the 28S/18S RNA

67
Q

Stop codons

A

UGA UAA UAG

68
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance and posture

69
Q

Pons

A

Connects medulla and cortex

70
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay

71
Q

Hindbrain

Contains

A

Balance and motor coordination

Cerebellum
Medulla
Reticular formation

72
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Involved in emotion

73
Q

Midbrain

Contains

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

74
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis and integrates with endocrine via hypophyseal portal

75
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Smooth movements

76
Q

Limbic system

A

Contains hippocampus and amygdala

Memory and emotion

77
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Touch, pain, spatial processing

78
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Speech comprehension, memory and emotion

79
Q

Types of junctions

A

Gap - ion channels
Tight- watertight seal
Desmosomes - spot connections that adheres cells to eachother

80
Q

Types of PAGE

A

SDS - charge is not a factor because coated with SDS, protein denatured
Native page - no denaturation, charge is a factor
Reducing page - breaks at the -SH groups, doesn’t denature
Denaturing page - denaturation, charge a factor

Denaturation disrupts monomer interactions

81
Q

Restriction enzyme sites

A

Palindromic and 4-6 bp

E.g. AAGTCC

82
Q

Retroviruses

A

VRNA injected into cell, uses RT to become double stranded and integrase to integrate into host cell DNA. Then uses host cell machinery for transcription

83
Q

Shine Dalgarno

A

Ribosome binding site on mRNA in bacteria

84
Q

Primase

A

Makes RNA primers

85
Q

TATA/Pribnow box

A

TATA box is sequence near promotor in DNA (eukaryotes)

Pribnow box is bacterial version

86
Q

Coding strand

A

Opposite of remplate strand

87
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Outgoing:

RER or SER-> Transport vesicle -> golgi -> endosome -> secretory vesicle

Incoming:
Incoming vesicle fuses with lysosome

88
Q

Neuron action potential m

A

-70 mV resting membrane potential
-50 mV sodium v-gated open
+35 mV sodium v-gated close, potassium v-gated open
-90 mV potassium v-gated close

89
Q

Helper T cells

A

CD4

Respond to MHC II

90
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Respond to MHC I

CD8

91
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

Cytotoxic and humoral

92
Q

NK cells

A

Attack cells without MHC e.g cancer

93
Q

Which nitrogenous base gives 2 hydrogen bonds?

A

Guanosine

94
Q

Which nitrogenous base gives 2 hydrogen bonds?

A

Guanosine

95
Q

RNA Pol II

A

Transcription

96
Q

RNA Pol II

A

Transcription

97
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Site of beta oxidation of long fatty acids

98
Q

Depressants

A

Barbs
Benzos
Alcohol

99
Q

Stimulant

A

Cocaine
Amphetamine
Ecstasy

100
Q

Opioid

A

Heroin

Morphine

101
Q

Hallucinogens

A

LSD

102
Q

Hallucinogens

A

LSD

Mcat (7 decks)

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