Bio Flashcards
Hormones of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Cortex - cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen
Medulla- epinephrine, norep
Hormones
Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
Anterior - ACTH, prolactin
Posterior- ADH, oxytocin
ADH vs aldosterone
ADH promotes water retention in kidneys in response to thirst
Aldosterone promotes salt resorption in kidneys in response to high blood pressure
Hormones produced by thyroid
Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Calcitonin
Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts and reduce breakdown of bone (stay Calcified)
Tricuspid vs bicuspid (mitral) valve
Tricuspid - between right ventricle and atrium
Bicuspid - between left ventricle and atrium
Erythropoietin
Stimulates production of RBCs in the bone marrow
Bohr effect factors contributing to lower oxygen affinity to hemoglobin
Constitutes _____ shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
High CO2, low pH, high temp
Right shift
Order of emptying in kidney
Collecting duct empties at tip of renal pyramid (papillae) -> calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter
Functions of each part of nephron
PCT - reabsorption of amino acids, etc Descending loop of Henle - H2O out Ascending loop of Henle - Na+ out DCT - aldosterone acts to reabsorb salts, ADH acts to reabsorb H2O Collecting duct-resorption of H2O
Angiotensin II function
Stimulates aldosterone release and increases BP
Juxtaglomerular Cells location and function
In afferent arteriole
Monitor systemic BP
Secrete renin which eventually results in secretion of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor
Hypoventilation leads to
Acidosis in blood
Parietal cells secrete
HCl
Chief cells secrete
Pepsinogen -> pepsin (by acidic gastric pH)
CCK
Hormone secreted by walls of duodenum when excess acidity is detected to prevent stomach emptying
Stimulates bile release
Gastrin
Hormone secreted by G cells in stomach wall to promote gastric motility. Leads to histamine production which activates parietal cell HCl secretion
Lacteals
Absorb fats into lymphatic system which dumps into thoracic duct then bloodstream
Peyers patches
Lymphocytes in villi
Brush border enzymes
In duodenum, break peptides and carbs into amino acids and monosaccharides
Bile functions
A conduit for waste disposal
Fat absorption
Secretin
Stimulates pancreatic release of HCO3- to buffer pH in duodenum
Liver functions (4)
Releases glucose stored as glycogen
Makes urea out of toxic ammonia
Make HDL, VLDL, LDL out of chylomicron remnants
Makes clotting proteins
Calcitriol
Made by kidneys and promotes uptake of calcium in intestines
How is Angiotensin II made?
JG cells -> renin
Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
Troponin-tropomyosin complex
Ca2+ binds troponin, which then moves tropomyosin away from myosin binding sites.
Action potential from NMJ to muscle contraction
AP arrives at NMJ, increase in Ca2+ at axon terminal, release of ACh which binds myofibril’s channels, opens voltage gated Na+ channels in myofiber, propagation through T tubules and SR, release of Ca2+ by SR, myosin binding sites in sarcomere exposed
Types of muscle fibres
Slow twitch red oxidative - lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, lasts long
Type IIA fast twitch - some mitochondria
Type IIB fast twitch - no mitochondria, provides strong force, tires easily
Yellow marrow vs Red marrow
Yellow - in long bones
Red - in spongy bone in flat bones. Site of hematopoietic
Types of cartilage
Hyaline (trachea)
Elastic (ear)
Fibrous (pelvic area) very stiff
Types of joints
Synarthroses (skull)
Amphiarthroses (vertebrae) slightly movable
Diarthroses (elbow, shoulder)
Epiphysis and diaphysis
Epiphysis - end part of long bones
Diaphysis - middle part of long bones
Compact bone elements
Osteon consists of
Lacunae containing osteocytes
Which connects with other osteocytes via canaliculi
Lamellae - rings around Haversian canal
Volkmann canals - perpendicular
Action potential in heart
SA node-> AV node -> Bundle of His -> right and left branches -> purkinje fibres
Dermis vs epidermis
Dermis - sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, hair follicles
Hypodermis - adipose cells i.e. fat
Henry’s law
Concentration = partial pressure x solubility
List 8 lung capacities
ERV, IRV, RV, TV, FRC, IC, VC, TLC
Seminiferous tubules
In testes, where spermatogenesis occurs
Sertoli cells
Nourish sperm
In walls of seminiferous tubules
Leydig cells
Make testosterone in testis
Sperm movement process
Made in testis -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> joins seminal vesicles -> empties into urethra
Sperm development
Spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> spermatic -> spermatozoa
MHC I vs MHC II
MHC I presents antigens from within cells
MHC II presents antigens from environment
Structure of antibody
Heavy chains (middle part) light chains (outside) Variable region (tips) constant region
LH and FSH in males
LH stimulate testosterone production (Leydig cells)
FSH stimulate Sertoli cells
GnRH
Made in hypothalamus
Stimulates pituitary to secrete LH and FSH which influence gonads
Egg development
Oogonia is arrested in prophase I
Meiosis I completed monthly -> first polar body + secondary oocyte
Meiosis II completed upon fertilization -> second polar body + ovum
Parts of secondary oocyte
Outermost is granules a cells which become the corona radiata
Then zona pellucida
Graafian follicle
Holds secondary oocyte and releases into fallopian tubes
LH and FSH in females
FSH stimulates granulosa and thecal cells to develop
Hormone cycle in female reproductive system
FSH leads to E secretion from granulosa and thecal cells
E inhibits LH, FSH, GnRH but afterward positive feedback with LH
LH surge causes ovulation and develops C.Luteum
C. Luteum secrete E/P
E/P inhibit LH, FSH, GnRH
Endometrium sloughed off when E/P drops
Blocks to polyspermy
Fast block - depolarization of egg membrane prevents fusion with another sperm
Slow block - hardening of zona pellucida
Blastula parts
Trophoblast - forms chorion
Inner cell mass - embryo, amnion, yolk sac, allantois
Germ layers
Ectoderm - neural, epidermis, pituitary
Mesoderm - connective, urogenital, cardiovascular, dermis
Endoderm - GI epithelium and glands (pancreas etc.), bladder
Cell differentiation types
Totipotent - become cells of trophoblast or ICM
Pluripotent - become any of the germ layers
Multipotent - become cells of certain tissues
Oxytocin
Posterior pituitary
Uterine contractions
Milk release
Gram + vs - bacteria
Gram + stain purple
Single thick wall
Gram - no stain
Thick wall and thin wall
Sodium potassium pump
3 Na out 2 K in
Microglia
Clean up
Mitosis phases
Interphase consists of G1, G2, S
S phase is genome replication
G1,G2 growth
Wobble base pairing
tRNA -> mRNA
I -> A,U,C
G -> U
U -> G
PTH
PTH stimulates osteoclasts and bone resorption
DNA enzymes
Synthesis of DNA
Pol III in prok
Pol alpha and delta in euk
DNA enzymes
Removal of RNA primers & reconstruction
Prok - DNA Pol I
Euk - RNAse H
Ribosome subunits
Prok- 70S composed of 50S and 30S
Euk- 80S composed of 60S and 40S
Prok has the 23S/16S RNA
Euk has the 28S/18S RNA
Stop codons
UGA UAA UAG
Cerebellum
Balance and posture
Pons
Connects medulla and cortex
Thalamus
Sensory relay
Hindbrain
Contains
Balance and motor coordination
Cerebellum
Medulla
Reticular formation
Catecholamines
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
Involved in emotion
Midbrain
Contains
Inferior and superior colliculi
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis and integrates with endocrine via hypophyseal portal
Basal ganglia
Smooth movements
Limbic system
Contains hippocampus and amygdala
Memory and emotion
Parietal lobe
Touch, pain, spatial processing
Temporal lobe
Speech comprehension, memory and emotion
Types of junctions
Gap - ion channels
Tight- watertight seal
Desmosomes - spot connections that adheres cells to eachother
Types of PAGE
SDS - charge is not a factor because coated with SDS, protein denatured
Native page - no denaturation, charge is a factor
Reducing page - breaks at the -SH groups, doesn’t denature
Denaturing page - denaturation, charge a factor
Denaturation disrupts monomer interactions
Restriction enzyme sites
Palindromic and 4-6 bp
E.g. AAGTCC
Retroviruses
VRNA injected into cell, uses RT to become double stranded and integrase to integrate into host cell DNA. Then uses host cell machinery for transcription
Shine Dalgarno
Ribosome binding site on mRNA in bacteria
Primase
Makes RNA primers
TATA/Pribnow box
TATA box is sequence near promotor in DNA (eukaryotes)
Pribnow box is bacterial version
Coding strand
Opposite of remplate strand
Endomembrane system
Outgoing:
RER or SER-> Transport vesicle -> golgi -> endosome -> secretory vesicle
Incoming:
Incoming vesicle fuses with lysosome
Neuron action potential m
-70 mV resting membrane potential
-50 mV sodium v-gated open
+35 mV sodium v-gated close, potassium v-gated open
-90 mV potassium v-gated close
Helper T cells
CD4
Respond to MHC II
Cytotoxic T cells
Respond to MHC I
CD8
Adaptive immune system
Cytotoxic and humoral
NK cells
Attack cells without MHC e.g cancer
Which nitrogenous base gives 2 hydrogen bonds?
Guanosine
Which nitrogenous base gives 2 hydrogen bonds?
Guanosine
RNA Pol II
Transcription
RNA Pol II
Transcription
Peroxisomes
Site of beta oxidation of long fatty acids
Depressants
Barbs
Benzos
Alcohol
Stimulant
Cocaine
Amphetamine
Ecstasy
Opioid
Heroin
Morphine
Hallucinogens
LSD
Hallucinogens
LSD
