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APRIL MCAT > Psyc/Soc > Flashcards

Psyc/Soc Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Cones are highly concentrated in the:

A

Macula with the fovea

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2
Q

What is the correct path of light through the eye?

A

Cornea, Aqueous humor, Lens, Vitreous humor

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3
Q

Which muscles play a major role in focusing the light on the retina?

A

Ciliary muscles

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4
Q

The top region of the retina is responsible for capturing light from the ____ field of view

A

Bottom

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5
Q

The principle of closure suggests…

A

That an individual perceives objects as being a whole when they are not complete

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6
Q

The principle of similarity suggests…

A

That elements that are similar tend to be grouped together because of shared visual characteristics such a shape, size, color, texture, etc

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7
Q

The principle of continuity refers to…

A

The mind’s inclination to see continuous patterns and/or paths as opposed to disjointed elements

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8
Q

The principle of proximity states that…

A

Objects that are closer to one another are perceived as one cohesive group regardless of whether they are similar in other characteristics

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9
Q

What is the pathway that a nerve impulse travels during a reflex arc?

A

Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron

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10
Q

What are the big five personality traits?

A

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

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11
Q

What are self-schemas?

A

Labels that we give ourselves that have a set of qualities

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12
Q

What is self-concept?

A

Our overall sense of who we are

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13
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

How we feel about ourselves

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14
Q

What are Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

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15
Q

Secure attachment style

A

Would be exemplified by the child being distressed when the caregiver leaves and comforted when the caregiver returns

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16
Q

Avoidant attachment style

A

Would be exemplified by the child showing no preference between the caregiver and a stranger and showing no distress when the caregiver leaves and no comfort when the caregiver returns

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17
Q

Ambivalent attachment style

A

Would be exemplified by the child’s distress upon the caregiver leaving and a lack of comfort upon the caregiver’s return

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18
Q

Disorganized attachment style

A

Would be exemplified by a lack of clear pattern of responses to the caregiver leaving and returning

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19
Q

Explain the James Lange theory of emotion

A

According to this theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal

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20
Q

Give an example of the James Lange theory of emotion

A

You see a big snake, your heart starts to race, and then you feel scared

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21
Q

What does the Cannon Bard theory of emotion argue?

A

This theory argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently

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22
Q

Give an example of the Cannon Bard theory of emotion

A

You see a big snake, and feel fear and your body initiates its physiological fight or flight at the same time

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23
Q

How does the Schachter Singer theory view emotion?

A

This theory views emotion as the result of the interaction between physiological arousal and cognition. Specifically, physiological arousal is interpreted in context, which produces an emotional experience

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24
Q

Give an example of the Schachter Singer theory of emotion

A

You see a big snake, your body initiates its physiological fight or flight, you cognitively label this as fear, and you then feel fear

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25
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A

Refers to the standardization of a type of institution across society, with a focus on efficiency and predictability

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26
Q

What is the social construction model?

A

In the social construction model, culture provides the foundation for understanding and interpreting behaviors

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27
Q

What does functionalism focus on?

A

The contributions that organizations and institutions make to society

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28
Q

What is symbolic interactionism?

A

A sociological perspective which attempts to understand human behavior by studying how people communicate using symbols which can vary depending on the context

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29
Q

What is a symbol to a symbolic interactionist?

A

Any object, image, sound, or action that carries meaning to humans

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30
Q

What is groupthink?

A

Refers to the desire of unanimity within the group overcoming the desires and opinions of the individual

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31
Q

What is conflict theory?

A

The process by which competing groups vie for limited resources

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32
Q

What does the hierarchy of salience suggest?

A

Suggests that individuals will hold identities that are higher in their hierarchy, or more important, as more relevant in a particular situation. The identities that hold the most importance will be those that set them apart in their given environment

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33
Q

What is a primary circular reaction?

A

Those involving repetitive behaviors centered on the body and which the child finds soothing

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34
Q

Example of a primary circular reaction

A

A child sucking their thumb or making sounds

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35
Q

What is a secondary circular behavior

A

Secondary circular behaviors involve and affect the child’s environment

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36
Q

What is social reproduction

A

The tendency of individuals to belong to the same social class as their parents due to passing down of resources, lifestyle, and life expectations

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37
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released by the reward circuitry in the brain that modulates addiction?

A

Dopamine

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38
Q

Which study design considers participant responses only at a single point in time?

A

Cross sectional

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39
Q

What is deviance

A

A behavior that violates or differs from social norms

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40
Q

What is primary drive theory/drive reduction theory?

A

Motivation that stems from an organism’s need meet its basic needs

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41
Q

Give an example of a behavioral script

A

Forming lines

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41
Q

What are behavioral scripts

A

They define a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation

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41
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

Any non-financial asset that helps improve an individual’s position/status in society

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42
Q

What is a semantic network

A

A graphical representation of interconnected concepts or nodes, where each node represents a concept, and the links between nodes represent relationships or associations between those concepts

43
Q

What is spreading activation?

A

A process within semantic networks wherein the activation of one concept spreads to related concepts, enhancing their accessibility and increasing the likelihood of their retrieval

44
Q

What is affective processing?

A

Regulation of emotional states and regulation of emotional reactions

45
Q

What is the actor-observer bias?

A

An actor tends to explain their behavior by situational factors, while an observer tends to explain the actor’s behavior based on dispositional factors

46
Q

What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm stage, resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage

47
Q

What is group polarization

A

The idea that groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme compared to the original thoughts of individual group members

48
Q

What is ascribed status

A

A social position that is assigned at birth

49
Q

What are elements of a caste system

A

Rigid social hierarchy with poor social mobility

50
Q

What are the three most important components that affect the demographics?

A

Fertility, mortality, and migration

51
Q

What does the demographic transition theory suggest?

A

Suggests that future population growth will develop along with a predictable four-stage model

52
Q

What is stage 1 of the demographic transition theory?

A

Birth, death, and infant mortality rates are all high, while life expectancy is short

53
Q

What is stage 2 of the demographic transition theory?

A

Birthrates are higher while infant mortality and the death rates drop. Life expectancy also increases

54
Q

What is stage 3 of the demographic transition theory?

A

Occurs once a society is thoroughly industrialized; birthrates decline, while life expectancy continues to increase. Death rates continue to decrease

55
Q

What is stage 4 of the demographic transition theory?

A

The postindustrial era of society. Birth and death rates are low, people are healthier and live longer, and society enters a phase of population stability

56
Q

What is paternalism?

A

Paternalism is characterized by the belief that people with high status have more right to make decisions than other people

57
Q

What is an example of paternalism?

A

Doctors who offer more options to high status patients than to low status patients

58
Q

What does the Just Noticeable Difference use to detect the difference between things?

A

Discrimination

59
Q

What is the humanistic perspective centered on?

A

Centered on the use of free will and how to best apply it

60
Q

A person demonstrating the social cognitive perspective would be most concerned with what?

A

The person would be most concerned with the effects of actions on others

61
Q

What is meritocracy?

A

The belief that advancement or reward should be bestowed upon the most talented or accomplished members of a group

62
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for?

A

Maintaining smooth movements and steady posture

63
Q

How old are children in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

A

Birth - 2 years

64
Q

What occurs in the sensorimotor stage?

A

Coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence

65
Q

How old are children in Piaget’s preoperational stage?

A

2 - 7 years

66
Q

What occurs in the preoperational stage?

A

Development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism

67
Q

How old are children in Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

A

7 - 11 years

68
Q

What occurs in the concrete operational stage?

A

Mental operations applied to concrete events; mastery of conservation, hierarchical classification

69
Q

How old are children in Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A

11 - Adulthood

70
Q

What occurs in the formal operational stage?

A

Mental operations applied to abstract ideas; logical and systematic thinking

71
Q

How old are children in the trust vs mistrust stage and what do they learn?

A

Children are birth - 1 year old, and they must learn that adults can be trusted

72
Q

How old are children in the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage and what occurs during this stage?

A

Children are 1 - 3 years old and they begin to explore their world and learn that they can control their actions and act on their environment to get results

73
Q

How old are children in the initiative vs guilt stage and what occurs during this stage?

A

Children are 3 - 6 years old. They are capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play

74
Q

How old are children in the industry vs inferiority stage and what occurs during this stage?

A

Children are 6 - 12 years old. They begin to compare themselves to others and either feel pride and accomplishment or feel inferior and inadequate

75
Q

How old are children during the identity vs role confusion stage? What occurs during this stage?

A

Children are 12 - 18 years old. They begin developing a sense of self during this stage.

76
Q

What age does intimacy vs isolation occur? What happens in this stage?

A

This stage occurs between the 20s and 40s. People in this stage are deciding if they are ready to share their life with others

77
Q

How old are people in the generativity vs stagnation phase? What occurs?

A

People are between 40 and 60. They are finding their life’s work and contributing to the development of others

78
Q

When does integrity vs despair occur? What happens?

A

This occurs from 60s to death. People in this stage reflect on their life and feel satisfaction or despair

79
Q

What is the definition of identification?

A

When someone outwardly accepts the idea of others even if they themselves do not believe them

80
Q

What is compliance?

A

A change in behavior based on a direct request

81
Q

Cluster A disorders

A

Consist of behavior patterns that are labeled as odd or eccentric, such as magical thinking, suspicion, and indifference towards others

82
Q

Cluster B disorders

A

Consist of behavior patterns that are leveled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic

83
Q

Cluster C disorders

A

Consist of anxious or fearful patterns of behavior

84
Q

What is the anterior cingulate cortex involved in?

A

Higher order cognition; regulates impulse control and decision making

85
Q

Which class of drugs typically leads to delusions of grandeur?

A

Amphetamines

86
Q

Which class of drugs usually leads to relaxation?

A

Benzodiazepines

87
Q

Which class of drugs usually leads to disinhibition?

A

Alcohol

88
Q

Which drug usually leads to euphoria and decreased pain?

A

Heroin

89
Q

What is social identity theory?

A

States that a person’s self concept is partially determined from their perceived membership in a social group

90
Q

What is activation synthesis theory?

A

Attributes dreams to random neuronal activation

91
Q

What is problem solving dream theory?

A

Dreams are a way to solve problems during sleep

92
Q

What is the cognitive process dream theory?

A

Dreams arise from the stream of consciousness being continuous during arousal and sleep

93
Q

What is the neurocognitive model of dreaming?

A

Combines biological and psychological perspective of dreaming with physiological change

94
Q

What would a reactive social movement do?

A

A reactive social movement would oppose changing the status quo?

95
Q

What would a proactive social movement do?

A

A proactive social movement agitates for change

96
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

A level of poverty in which an individual is unable to afford minimal standards of food, shelter, clothing, and healthcare.

97
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

Relative poverty is a level of poverty in which an individual earns less than a predetermined income threshold that is relative to others in the population

98
Q

What is anomie?

A

Anomie is a condition in which an individual may experience a sense of normlessness (lack of social norms) and may engage in anti-normative behavior

99
Q

What is the looking glass self?

A

A theory of self concept that postulates that one’s identity or self concept is based on their beliefs of how others perceive them

100
Q

What does the humanist perspective focus on?

A

Cognition

101
Q

What is the duplicity theory of vision?

A

Refers to the retina containing both rods and cones

102
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

When presented with information of varying opinion, people are more likely to believe information that confirms their opinion and discount evidence which refutes

103
Q

How do ethnic groups emigrating to a more industrialized culture typically differ in terms of family size and lifespans?

A

They typically have larger families and shorter lifespans

104
Q

What can conflict theory include?

A

Competition for limited resources OR inequality

105
Q

Do reflexes use the brain?

A

Reflexes are unconscious responses which are automatic and do not require action in the brain

106
Q

What is the hawthorne effect?

A

Changing behavior when knowing that the behavior is being studied

APRIL MCAT (3 decks)

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