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MCAT > Psyc/ Soc > Flashcards

Psyc/ Soc Flashcards

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1
Q

Universal facial expressions

A

anger, surprise, disgust, happiness, fear, sadness, and contempt

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2
Q

social stratification

A

society system of social standing (class/ status/ power)

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3
Q

cultural capital

A

accumulation of knowledge behaviors and skills a person can use to demonstrate their cultural competence and social status

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4
Q

social capital

A

advantages gained by ones social network

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5
Q

social reproduction

A

the possible transmission of inequality from generation to generation

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6
Q

privilege

A

any unearned, exclusive, socially conferred advantage

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7
Q

prestige

A

esteem/ reputation associated with ones position in society (from achievement or by social system)

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8
Q

social mobility

A

the ability to change class, status, or power dynamics

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9
Q

intergenerational mobility

A

outcome of individuals differs from parents (ex. being first in fam to go to college)

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10
Q

intragenerational mobility

A

movement between class/ status within an individual’s life time

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11
Q

downward mobility

A

moving down in SES status due to economic hardship, stigma, or alienation

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12
Q

upward mobility

A

moving up SES status due to respect, fortune, or leadership

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13
Q

meritocracy

A

ideal that everyones place in society is rightfully earned based on their skills and attributes (eg American dream)

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14
Q

poverty

A

lacking materials and social resources an individual needs to maintain daily life

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15
Q

absolute poverty

A

measures poverty only in relation to the amount of money necessary to meet basic needs like food/ shelter/ education/ healthcare

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16
Q

relative poverty

A

people are deprived of the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society they live in (not actual poverty just in comparison)

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17
Q

segregation

A

division of human beings into separate groups based on criteria such as race or ethnicity (enforces poverty)

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18
Q

isolation

A

restricting groups contact with other people (ex. institutionalizing people with disabilities)

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19
Q

spatial inequality

A

limits equitable access to resources

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20
Q

residential segregation

A

separation of different demographic groups into distinct neighborhoods

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21
Q

environmental justice

A

the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, national origin, SES with respect to environmental laws/ reg/ policy

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22
Q

global inequality

A

difference of access to resources based on country residence (ex. insulin in US costs more than in UK)

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23
Q

James Lange theory of emotion

A
  1. physiological arousal followed by neural interpretation and 2. emotional response
    (just linear: event to PNS to LNS)
    (posits that only one emotion can arise from a physiological response)
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24
Q

Cannon and Bard theory of emotion

A

events trigger physical and emotional response at the same time

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25
Q

schachter and singer theory of emotion

A

events lead to simultaneous physiological response and cognitive appraisal which both lead to emotions
(posits that you can have multiple emotions with the same physiological cue)

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26
Q

situational attributions

A

assign cause of persons actions to external factors (usually used for self explanation)

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27
Q

dispositional attributions

A

assign cause of persons actions to internal factors (usually used to judge ‘dem)

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28
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to assign dispositional attribution to others, especially when they are unfamiliar to us (dispositional&raquo_space; situational)
**opp of self serving bias

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29
Q

self serving bias

A

tendency to assign attributions to our own actions which paint ourselves in the best light (situational&raquo_space; dispositional)
**opp of fundamental attribution error

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30
Q

identity

A

component of self concept based on how one presents themselves to others and how others view them

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31
Q

self evaluation

A

the component of self concept that is based on how one views themselves

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32
Q

self concept

A

formed through ones various identities and constant self evaluations

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33
Q

ideal self

A

how we would like to be

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34
Q

real self (self image)

A

the way we currently see ourselves

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35
Q

ought self

A

the way we think others want us to be

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36
Q

self discrepancy theory

A

describes three selves (ideal, actual, ought)
self esteem issues arise when actual self &laquo_space;ideal and ought self

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37
Q

rogers self theory (incongruence theory)

A

describes two selfs (ideal and actual)
self esteem impacted when ideal and actual selves do not align

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38
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

viewing society as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning/ communicate with one another (inter and intra personal communication- social relationships)

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39
Q

social constructionism

A

certain ideas about physical reality arises from a collaborative consensus; includes somewhat fixed concepts or biological characteristics (ex. race; gender)

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40
Q

conflict theory

A

groups in society are in a state of constant conflict due to competition for limited resources

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41
Q

functionalism

A

theory which highlights the functional role of something to contribute to a larger thing (the role it plays or what system it is part of rather than simply its identity/ structure)
ex. punishments in society serve a purpose to show people what will happen for breaking rules

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42
Q

peer pressure

A

positive or negative influence of others on ones own actions (increases effect when influencer is closer to the affected person)

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43
Q

social facilitation

A

the phenomenon that demonstrates being in the presence of others increases ones performance (better doing task when others present then alone)

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44
Q

group polarization

A

the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions in a group setting then the initial ideas of individuals

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45
Q

deindividuation

A

the perceived loss of self/individuality or personal responsibility when part of a group

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46
Q

looking glass self

A

a persons self concept is influenced by interpersonal relationships and the perceptions of others

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47
Q

emotion

A

natural instinctive state of mind derived from ones own circumstances

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48
Q

amygdala

A

part of limbic system primarily associated with fear

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49
Q

thalamus

A

part of limbic system: routes information to other areas of the brain

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50
Q

hippocampus

A

part of limbic system; creates long term memories (implicit or emotional– episodic)

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51
Q

septal nuclei

A

part of limbic system; pleasure zone of the brain; often involved in addictive behaviors

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52
Q

formix

A

part of limbic system; connects hippocampus to other parts of the brain

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53
Q

limbic system

A

part of brain concerned with instinct and mood (controls basic emotions and drives)
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus

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54
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

anterior portion of frontal lobes; associated with intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions (impulse control/ perception/ long term planning)
(receives arousal input from brainstem and coordinates arousal/ cognitive states

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55
Q

ventral prefrontal cortex

A

connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

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56
Q

dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

associated with cognition and attention

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57
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

specific physiological reactions associated with specific emotions (ex. skin temp, heart rate etc)

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58
Q

cerebellum

A

involved in fine motor movement (muscle control, posture, and balance) and can be associated with learning (lang processing and memory– not involved in emotions)

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59
Q

brainstem

A

associated with maintaining vital life functions (ex. breathing and heart rate)

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60
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of brain involved in endocrine and homeostatic functions by controlling release of pituitary gland hormones; play a role in dictating emotional states (not memory)

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61
Q

achieved status

A

status obtained as a result of ones efforts or choices (ex. working to become a doctor)

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62
Q

three types of statuses

A

ascribed, achieved, and master

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63
Q

ascribed status

A

involuntary status such as gender or race

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64
Q

master status

A

overarching status that effects all aspects of ones life (status by which a person is most identified)

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65
Q

corpus callosum

A

brain structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

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66
Q

multiple sclerosis affect on brain

A

causes demyelination

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67
Q

moro reflex

A

occurs in infants up to 4 months; in response to a sudden head movement infants extend and retract their arms and cry

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68
Q

startle response

A

occurs throughout all stages of life; in response to a sudden stimulus flinching to protect the neck and eyes occurs (often in response to loud noise

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69
Q

rooting reflex

A

baby moving head to establish the right position to feed from its mothers breast when corner of baby’s mouth is stimulated

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70
Q

stepping reflex

A

learning to walk by patting the ground with its feet which standing upright

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71
Q

alar plate in development

A

during neurulation the alar plate differentiates into the afferent or sensory neurons (disorders in this development may lead to lack of sensation)

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72
Q

neural tube defect may cause

A

spina bifida or anencephaly

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73
Q

malformation of the basal plate can cause

A

quadriplegia (loss of motor function)

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74
Q

episodic memory

A

a type of long term memory that involves conscious recollection of previous experiences together with their context in terms of time, place, emotions
ex. first kiss or first day of school

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75
Q

semantic memory

A

the long term memory involved in recalling words, concepts, or numbers (get knowledge)

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76
Q

overextension

A

the tendency of young children to extend the use of a word beyond the scope of its specific meaning

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77
Q

anomie

A

lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group

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78
Q

social epidemiology

A

branch of epidemiology that focuses on the effects social structural factors on states of health

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79
Q

medicalization

A

process by which non medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems often requiring medical treatment
ex. drug treatment arising to treat infertility

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80
Q

availability heuristic (availability bias)

A

type of cognitive bias that helps us make fast but sometimes incomplete assessments; relies on information coming to the mid most quickly
(can work by prioritizing infrequent events based on their recency ex. being scared of flying after a plane crash even though very unlikely)

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81
Q

classical conditioning

A

an unconscious form of learning; an automated conditioned response is paired with an unconditioned stimulus until the stimulus triggers the response on its own (new behavior)

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82
Q

operant conditioning

A

method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to train behavior

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83
Q

observational learning

A

the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others (depends on presence of others)

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84
Q

somatic nervous system

A

subdivision of the PNS; controls voluntary movements (via skeletal muscles)

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85
Q

parietal cortex

A

involved in somatosensory and spatial processing

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86
Q

occipital cortex

A

involved in the processing of visual stimuli

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87
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight” – responds to dangerous or stressful stimuli

(incr heart rate; dilated pupils; secretion of sweat glands; decr digestion/ peristalsis; incr alertness; bladder relaxation; vasoconstriction of blood vessels)

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88
Q

reinforcers

A

a consequence which increases the likeliness that an action/ behavior will occur again

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89
Q

punishers

A

a consequence which decreases the likeliness that an action/ behavior will occur again

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90
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

one that naturally elicits a reflexive behavior (unconditioned response)
ex. salivating when you see food

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91
Q

discriminating stimuli

A

a signal or cue that indicates the availability of a reinforcement or punishment for a specific response; allows individuals to differentiate between actions that will have a reinforcer or not

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92
Q

rigid/ traditional behaviorist view

A

mental processes/ beliefs are not considered, only the actual outcomes/ experience influence behaviors

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93
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

any drive that results from incentives (rewards/ punishments) to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself (includes external motivation but extrinsic is a broader term)

(ex. doing something for praise or financial reward)

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94
Q

external motivation

A

pressure fro social norms but not including negative psychological pressure (part of extrinsic motivation)

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95
Q

self actualization

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (refers to a pyramid of needs people have to fulfill to reach a state of self actualization or the realization/ fulfillment of ones potential)
physiological needs –> safety needs –> love/ belonging –> esteem –> self actualization

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96
Q

autonomous motivation

A

engaging in a behavior because it seems to align with an individuals intrinsic goals (behavior is self determined)

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97
Q

observer bias (experimental/ research bias)

A

when a researcher’s expectations, opinions, or prejudices interfere/ influence what they percieve or record in a study

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98
Q

base rate fallacy

A

the tendency to ignore relevant statistical information (prior probabilities) in favor of case specific information (predicting probability of future events)
ex. false positive paradox

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99
Q

hindsight bias

A

a phenomenon in which an individual believes they accurately predicted the results of an event before it occurred; takes place after the event has occurred
(can lead to overconfidence and negatively impact decision making)

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100
Q

public verifiability

A

any third party not directly participating in the protocol trying to replicate and verify the generated values (the reason other scientist repeat experiments but not the reason why the results could not be verified)

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101
Q

retina

A

contains photoreceptors (ex. cones and rods) detects light rays and converts them into signals the brain can process (energy eventually becomes an action potential and travels through the optical nerve to the primary visual cortex)

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102
Q

cornea and iris

A

structures of the eye responsible for accommodating and focusing incoming light rays on the lens

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103
Q

vitreous humor

A

a translucent gel like substance in the posterior segment of the eye; provides nutrients to the eye and maintains its shape

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104
Q

optic chiasm

A

part of the brain where the optic nerves cross; primary importance to the visual pathway

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105
Q

aqueous humor

A

clear fluid like substance filling the anterior segment of the eye between the lens and cornea (provides nutrients and maintains eye in a pressurized state)

106
Q

forvea

A

a small depression in the retina where visual activity is the highest; cones at highest concentration here

107
Q

lens

A

bends/ focuses the incoming light rays on the photoreceptors and retina

108
Q

glass escalator concept

A

structural advantage that males have in female dominated occupations that tends to enhance their careers

109
Q

conformational bias

A

the tendency to look for, interpret, and understand information in a way that supports ones prior values/beliefs

110
Q

functional fixedness

A

a cognitive bias that limits a persons ability to use an object in a way other than its traditional use

111
Q

overconfidence effect

A

when a persons subjective confidence in their judgment/ ability is greater than their actual or objective performance

112
Q

Piagets stages cognitive development

A

sensorimeter (0-2)
pre operational (2-7)
concrete operational (7-11)
formal operational (11+)

113
Q

sensorimeter stage

A

1st stage of Piagets theory of cognitive development; occurs from 0 to 2 years; coordination of sensory input and motor response; object permanence develups

114
Q

pre operational stage

A

2nd stage of Piagets theory cognitive develupment; occurs from 2 to 7 years; develupment of symbolic thought (irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism)

115
Q

concrete operational stage

A

3rd stage of Piagets theory of cognitive develupment; occurs from 7 to 11 years; mental operations applied to concrete events (conservation; hierarchal classification)

116
Q

formal operational stage

A

final stage of Piagets theory of cognitive development; occurs from the age of 11 on; mental operations applied to abstract thought (logical/ systematic thinking)

117
Q

Freuds stages of psychosexual develupment

A

oral (0-1)- children derive pleasure from feeding
anal (2-3)- potty training
phallic (3-6)- kids attached to opp sex parent
latent (6 to puberty)- interact w same sex peers
genital (puberty onwards)- attraction to opp sex

118
Q

altruism

A

the practice of being concerned for the well being of others; doing something for others benefit without expecting anything in return

119
Q

labeling theory

A

the self identity or behavior of individuals may be determined/ influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them

120
Q

social stigma

A

the term given when a person’s social, physical or mental condition influences other people’s views of them or their behaviour towards them

121
Q

reference group

A

a collection of people who act as a baseline that individuals or other groups use for comparison (ex looking at a pre med forum of other students studying for MCAT)

122
Q

primary group

A

personal relationships that are direct, face to face, and relatively permanent (like family, cna include peer groups)

123
Q

status groups

A

tend to be defined through social institutions; persons arranged in hierarchal social system (defined on non-economic characteristics such as prestige)

124
Q

group affiliation

A

the amount one identifies/ is attracted/ committed to a group; increases when the members or participants in the group share similar outlooks, knowledge, preferences, skills, and other aspects of cultural capital

125
Q

back stage self

A

a presentation of self that can occur when the individual no longer feel the need to confirm to certain expectations (occurs usually in private)

126
Q

maladaptive criterion of disorders

A

takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others

127
Q

distressed criterion of disorders

A

takes into account whether the behavior demonstrates unusual or prolonged levels of stress

128
Q

statistical deviancy criterion of disorders

A

takes into account whether the behavior is statistically rare

129
Q

Violation of social norms criterion of disorders

A

takes into account whether the behavior violates social norms

130
Q

Trust vs Mistrust

A

erikson’s 1st stage during infancy (0-1)

131
Q

Autonomy vs shame/ doubt

A

eriksons 2nd stage during early childhood (1-3 yrs)

132
Q

initiative vs guilt

A

eriksons 3rd stage during play age (3-6)

133
Q

industry vs inferiority

A

eriksons 4th stage during school age (7-11)

134
Q

identity vs confusion

A

eriksons 5th stage during adolescence (12-18)

135
Q

intimacy vs isolation

A

eriksons 6th stage during early adulthood (19-29)

136
Q

generatively vs stagnation

A

eriksons 2nd to last stage during middle age (30-64)

137
Q

integrity vs despair

A

eriksons last stage occurs during old age (65+)

138
Q

habituation

A

the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequent/ reoccurring stimulus

139
Q

cognitive component of attitude

A

the way people think and interpret their attitudes

140
Q

three components of an attitude

A

cognitive, behavioral, and affective

141
Q

behavioral component of an attitude

A

how one acts towards a person, place, thing, etc based on their attitude

142
Q

affective component of an attitude

A

the emotional reaction one has towards an attitude object

143
Q

cross sectional design

A

the researcher measures the outcomes and exposures in the study participants at the same time

144
Q

experimental design

A

planning a set of procedures to investigate a relationship between variables (not too common of an answer in psych/ soc as it can be unethical to do these on people)

145
Q

longitudinal design

A

researches collect data on individuals over a long period of time

146
Q

historical design

A

to collect, verify, gather evidence from the past to establish evidence that can support or refute a hypothesis

147
Q

procedural memory

A

form of implicit memory; a type of long term memory associated with the performance of different actions/ skills

148
Q

implicit memory

A

memories that we unconsciously or intentionally store/ memorize (aka unconscious/ automatic memory)
tested by observing a participants performance on a task that does not involve any recall or recognition

149
Q

big 5 of personality

A

extraversion; agreeableness; openness; conscientiousness; neuroticism

150
Q

the naming explosion

A

a stage in language develupment usually occurring in a child’s 2nd year when they show an increased rate of word acquisition (capacity increase)

151
Q

bootstrapping

A

refers to the initial stages of grammatical development (children learning the application of their native language through the pairing of hearing it and its meaning)

152
Q

shaping

A

involves reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior. It is utilized to establish a novel behavior

153
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

combining new (to-be-remembered) information with existing memory representations, which enhances the probability of retrieving that new information

154
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the process by which a previously extinguished behavioral response returns after a delay (i.e., a rest period) following extinction

155
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

a classical conditioning technique in which the intensity of an unconditioned stimulus is gradually increased until it no longer elicits the conditioned response

156
Q

monocular depth cue

A

depth cues that are able to be perceived without the use of both eyes (aka using only one)
ex. retinal height, occlusion, or texture gradient

157
Q

occlusion

A

Objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as being farther away than the objects that overlap them

158
Q

retinal height

A

Objects that are higher up in the visual field are perceived as being farther away than the objects that are lower in the visual field.

159
Q

texture gradient

A

Objects that have more detailed textures are perceived as being closer than objects that have less detailed textures

160
Q

retinal disparity

A

Objects that are to the front of the point of focus are perceived as being closer than objects that are behind the point of focus (binocular depth cue)

161
Q

binocular depth cue

A

a depth cue which requires both eyes to be processed (ex. retinal disparity)

162
Q

Culture lag

A

when norms and values have yet to catch up with technological advances

163
Q

globalization

A

the spread of technology and ideas across the world

164
Q

microsociology

A

a subset of sociology that deals with people and their daily societal interactions, including those in small groups

165
Q

macrosociology

A

a subset of sociology which deals with larger global issues/ interactions

166
Q

role conflict

A

involves tensions stemming from the balancing of MULTIPLE social roles
***not to be confused with strain which is just one role

167
Q

role strain

A

involves tensions in the demands from a SINGLE social role
***not to be confused with conflict which is multiple roles

168
Q

relative depravation

A

the perception that the amount of a desired resource (money/ social status/ etc) an individual has is less than some comparison standard

169
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

receptors (like the auditory hair cells) that respond to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound

170
Q

proprioceptors

A

type of sensor that helps an individual determine where their body/ body part is in space (found in the vestibular system; muscles and/or tendons)

171
Q

chemoreceptors

A

specialized receptors that transduce chemical signals and create an output/response (ex. taste buds or smell)

172
Q

osmoreceptors

A

(usually located in the hypothalamus) detect changes in osmolality (blood concentration)

173
Q

egocentrism

A

viewing the world only from their own perspective (Piaget pre operational stage 2-7)

174
Q

object permanence

A

understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them
(Piaget sensorimeter stage 0-2)

175
Q

conservation

A

understanding that altering a substance’s appearance does not change its properties
(Piaget concrete operational stage 7-11)

176
Q

centration

A

tendency to focus on one salient portion of a situation and neglect other, possibly relevant, events
(Piaget pre operational stage 2-7)

177
Q

role exit

A

quitting a role

178
Q

Reproductive memory

A

the process of storing a memory and “reproducing” it during recall at a later time

179
Q

flashbulb memory

A

an accurate and very vivid long lasting memory for the circumstances surrounding learning about a dramatic event (affected by our emotional state)

180
Q

prospective memory

A

a form of memory that involves remembering to recall information to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at a later time (ex. remembering to take a medication later in the day)

181
Q

eidetic/ iconic memory

A

the ability to vividly recall an image you are exposed to but only briefly (photographic memory?)

182
Q

reconstruction of memory

A

the way memory is encoded is affected by various other processes including emotion, perception, motivation, imagination, etc (can explain why intrusion errors occur when recalling memories)

183
Q

prospective studies

A

look forwards in time (type of cohort study)

184
Q

retrospective studies

A

look backwards in time (type of cohort study)

185
Q

proactive interference

A

memories from someones past interfere with the creation of new memories

186
Q

retroactive interference

A

new memories change/ affect old memories

187
Q

sclera

A

a protective layer/ covering that wraps over most of the eyeball (gives it the white coloring)

188
Q

general anxiety disorder

A

characterized by a pervasive sense of worry and unease around commonplace situations, as well as feelings of unease, irritability or difficulty concentrating and sleeping

189
Q

panic disorder

A

a type of anxiety in which people are experiencing panic attacks (sudden terror); common symptoms include: Chest pain, pounding heart, shortness of breath and feeling dizzy

190
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

illness anxiety disorder is characterized by a pervasive sense that one is ill or at high risk of becoming ill. Another name for illness anxiety disorder is hypochondriasis

191
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

characterized by a hyper-focus on a particular physical symptom, such that that person is unable to perform other functions of daily life

192
Q

personality disorder cluster A

A

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

193
Q

personality disorders cluster B

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic (excessive emotions/ attention seeking), narcissistic

194
Q

personality disorders cluster C

A

avoidant, depressive, obsessive compulsive

195
Q

schizophrenia

A

disorder of psychosis in which individual’s thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are out of touch with reality

196
Q

dissociative disorders

A

pathological separation from conscious awareness (ranges from mild detachment from immediate surroundings or more extreme detachment from emotional/ physical experiences)

197
Q

REM rebound

A

after experiencing sleep deprivation (in which REM sleep has been limited) the individual will experience more REM sleep then usual once able to sleep (only affects following night not days after)

198
Q

stage 1 NREM sleep

A

theta waves– characterized by lower brain activity, blood pressure, and muscle tone

199
Q

wake state of consciousness

A

alpha waves

200
Q

stage 2 NREM sleep

A

theta waves– includes sleep spindles and K complexes
characterized by decreased muscle activity and decreased conscious awareness of external environment

201
Q

stage 3 NREM sleep

A

Delta waves- night terrors and GH release
occurs 30-45 minutes after falling asleep- characterized by regular breathing and slow brain waves (body no longer shows response to many external stimuli)

202
Q

stage 4 NREM sleep

A

delta waves (sim to stage 3 in night terrors, deep sleep, and GH release)

203
Q

REM sleep

A

characterized by sleep paralysis, dreams/ nightmares, waves similar to awake state (alpha waves)
***more time spent in REM at the end of the night

204
Q

elaboration likelihood

A

refers to the process by which an individual is more likely to elaborate, or become engaged with, an issue that directly affects them

205
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

process by which an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation (ex. worrying about lack of sleep and then getting poor sleep)

206
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

discomfort one feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs

207
Q

three main components of SES

A

occupation, income, and education

208
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a statistical measure of the linear relationship between two variables (ranges from -1 to 1) negative values show inverse relation ships and positive values show direct relationships the larger the magnitude from 0 the stronger the correlation (very strong typically >I.7I moderate is I.3I to I.7I)

**usually just have to distinguish if relationship is pos or neg and distinguish extreme coefficients

209
Q

medulla oblongata

A

lower most part of brainstem; involved in autonomic functions (like breathing, heart rate, etc)

210
Q

pons

A

involved in unconscious processes (like sleep wake cycles and breathing); links medulla oblongata to the thalamus

211
Q

dichotic listening task

A

can be used to test selective attention; involves sending two alternating messages to the test subjects left and right ears and test the subjects ability to attend one side at a time (repeat what you hear in one ear while ignoring other)

212
Q

extinction

A

occurs in operant conditioning when a reinforcement frequency is decreased the established behavior starts to decrease as well (low-key unlearning)

213
Q

life course perspective

A

each life stage influences the next, and together the social, economic and physical environments in which we live have a profound influence on our health and the health of our community

214
Q

social construction of race

A

refers to the idea that there is little biological basis for race or ethnicity; instead results from history, culture or, society

215
Q

PET scan

A

imaging tool designed for measuring brain activity/ activation in particular regions (uses beta decay positron release– gamma ray visualization by glucose consumption)

216
Q

MRI scan

A

looks at structural anatomy using highly specialized magnets (shows 3d structure of bone/ fluids/ cartilage/ etc with lots of detail)

217
Q

fMRI scan

A

measures blood flow to certain regions of the body; provide information as to which areas are most activated by showing which receive the most blood

218
Q

CT scan

A

similar to MRI; gives structural but in less detail; uses radiation (very similar to an X-ray)

219
Q

EEG scan

A

measures electrical activity in the brain rather than the function of specific areas/. structures of the brain

220
Q

conformity

A

act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms

221
Q

in group

A

social groups to which an individual feels they belong

222
Q

out group

A

a social group the individual does not identify with

223
Q

group think

A

the practice of thinking or making decision as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility

224
Q

social loafing

A

what happens when someone puts in less effort when they’re judged as part of a group

225
Q

assimilation

A

the process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture

226
Q

bystander effect

A

refers to cases where an individual does not offer any means of help to a victim in an emergency when there are more people present or when they believe that others are present (incr number of other decr individuals response– inverse relationship)

227
Q

associative learning

A

learning principle that states ideas and experiences reinforce each other can be mentally linked to one another (recall of information in one associative memory)
**contains classical and operant learning

228
Q

social solidarity

A

emphasizes the interdependence between individual in a society which allows individuals to feel that they can enhance the lives of others (founded on shared values and beliefs among different groups in society)

229
Q

sociological perspective

A

concerning the development, structure, and functioning of human society

230
Q

if a neurotransmitter stays in the synapse longer…

A

it will have a greator impact on the neuron; increasing the nt diffusion rates causes less time in the synapse and would produce less response

231
Q

structural mobility

A

happens when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social class ladder (changes in society as a whole not individual changes)

232
Q

self verification

A

the tendency to seek out and agree with information that is consistent with one’s self concept

233
Q

self efficacy

A

ones own beliefs in ones own competence and effectiveness (how capable we believe we are of doing things)

234
Q

Myers briggs type indicator

A

an introspective self report questionare; involves 16 personality types
Extroverts vs Introverts
Thinkers vs Feelers
Senors vs iNtuitives
Judgers vs Perceivers

235
Q

psychodynamic/ psychoanalytical perspective

A

emphasizes the systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions (how they may relate to early experience)
ex. Freuds iceberg (ego, superego, id)

236
Q

id

A

unconscious desires (ex selfishness or urges etc)
kept in check by our ego

237
Q

ego

A

part of the psyche responsible for our sense of self and our ability to interact with the outside world (reality)

238
Q

super ego

A

part of unconscious that is the voice of conscience and self criticism (morality)

239
Q

biopsychosocial perspective

A

considers the psychological, biological, and social factors and their complex interaction in understanding health, illness, and health care delivery

240
Q

serotonin

A

regulation of mood (esp. aggression), sleep, and appetite (also reg intestinal movements)

241
Q

Neuroticism

A

trait that reflects a persons level of emotional stability (includes insecurity and anxiety)

242
Q

conscientiousness

A

personality trait of being careful or diligent (includes responsibility and planning)

243
Q

drive reduction theory

A

idea that motivation comes from the result of biological needs (we do something to satisfy these needs and keep the body in homeostasis)

244
Q

incentive theory

A

theory of motivation that states external rewards and punishments are the primary cause of an individuals behavior as opposed to internal factors (theory evolved from behaviorism and classical conditioning)

245
Q

Expectancy–value theory

A

theory of motivation that describes the relationship between an individuals expectancy for success on a task/ goal in relation to the value they associate with theses tasks/ goals

246
Q

role confusion

A

involves individual not being sure of themselves or their place in society

247
Q

role engulfment

A

how a persons identity becomes based on a role the person assumes superseding other roles

248
Q

latent functions

A

aspects of a social institution that may serve an unacknowledged purpose

249
Q

motion parallax

A

type of depth perception cue in which objects that are closer appear to be moving faster than objects that are far away (monocular cue)

250
Q

sensory interaction

A

idea that one sensory modality (ex vision) may influence another (ex balance)

251
Q

vestibular sense

A

vestibular system provides sense of balance and the information about body position (senses body rotation of gravitation and movement– occurs in inner ear)

252
Q

perceptual maladaptation

A

a trait that is more harmful than helpful

253
Q

Gestalt principle: proximity

A

people tend to group objects close to each other rather than seeing individual
(ex lots of circles in lines will be seen as lines rather than lots of circles)

254
Q

Gestalt principle: similarity

A

people will perceive similar elements and group them (helps us distinguish between adjacent/ overlapping objects based on texture and resemblance)

255
Q

Gestalt principle: figure ground

A

visual field can be separated into two regions the figures (prominent objects) and ground (objects in background)

256
Q

Gestalt principle: closure

A

our perception will complete incomplete objects (ex seeing C as an O)

257
Q

Gestalt principle: continuity

A

explains that lines are seen as following the smoothest path (ex an X will not be seen as 4 small lines meeting at the center it will be 2 lines overlapping)

258
Q

Gestalt principle of symmetry

A

describes how people perceive symmetrical elements as part of a unified group

259
Q

animus

A

Jung theory on how you see your self

260
Q

persona

A

Jung theory- the face you put on for society

261
Q

shadow

A

jung theory- typically repressed; includes all the repulsive desires/ instincts

MCAT (3 decks)

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