PSYC Midterm 3 Flashcards

Question

Balanced Placebo Design Findings

Answer 1

- Expectancies that drinking will produce positive outcomes predict who will drink and how much they will drink, and expectancies that drinking will produce negative outcomes predict who will abstain. - Nonsocial behaviours, such as reaction time and motor coordination, are more influenced by alcohol itself than by expectancies - Tension Reduction Hypothesis: people consume drugs to relieve anxiety “self-medicate” - Genetic Factors: one’s responses to a drug positive/negative due to genetics will impact the probability of addiction ex.Asian Flush: stops those individuals from enjoying alcohol

Answer 2

Physical-Dependence Theories: physical dependence traps addicts in a cycle of using & withdrawing, must use it to avoid withdrawal symptoms - Criticisms: stop & restarting after time occurs, mild withdrawal, binge-detox patterns Psychological Dependence/Positive-Incentive Theories: primary factor in most addictions is the craving for rewarding properties of the drug - Criticisms: actual pleasure vs anticipated pleasure Incentive-Sensitization Theory: positive-incentive value of addictive drugs increases with repeated use

Answer 3

Issues to Consider: purity & dosage of drug, crime, taxes, drug harm, morality, stigma vs support. Decriminalized→controlled+support→promotes its use+values of a society+available to the public vs Criminal→societal values+harder to get+socially uncondoned→no support+stigma+blackmarket/crime

Answer 4

Stimulants: Increased activity of the central nervous system (sense of alertness, well-being, energy) - Caffeine, cocaine, Nicotine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, tobacco Depressants: Decreased activity of the central nervous system (initial high followed by sleepiness, slower thinking, and impaired concentration) - Alcohol, sedative-hypnotics Psychedelics (Hallucinogens): Dramatically altered perception, mood, and thoughts, used at treatments for depression, brain & mind diff lenses for same phenomenon - Marijuana, LSD, Ecstasy, Magic mushrooms Narcotics (Opiates): Sense of euphoria, decreased pain, induce sleep, addictive painkillers, major ingredient of morphine, x3 & identical is heroin - Heroin, oxycontin/done, fentanyl, carfentanyl

Answer 5

ST: small & soluble alcohol molecules invades all parts of the body, based on rate of absorption by bloodstream which varies by person’s weight, gender, and stomach - Low Doses: stimulates neural firing & facilitate social interaction, feelings of relaxation, elevated mood, impaired judgment, - Moderate Doses: various degrees of cognitive, perceptual, verbal & motor impairment, loss of control that can lead to a variety of socially unacceptable outcomes - High Doses: unconsciousness, blood levels 0.5% is a risk of death from respiratory depression - Red Flush: produced by dilation of blood vessels in the skin decreases body temperature (hypothermia) - Diuretic: increases production of urine LT: - Brain Damage - Korsakoff’s syndrome - Cirrhosis (extensive scarring) of the liver - Irritation of lining of digestive tract → risk of oral & liver cancer, stomach ulcers, inflammation of pancreas & gastritis - Devastating Outcomes: car roads - Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): pregnant mother consuming alcohol, children suffer from brain damage, mental retardation, poor coordination, physical deformity WE: produces a hangover, mild syndrome of headache, nausea, vomiting, tremulousness WES: - 5hr after - Severe tremors, agitation, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, profuse sweating - 15-30 hr - convulsive activity, potentially fatal - 1-2 days lasts 3-4 days - delirium tremens (DTs), disturbing hallucinations, bizarre delusions, agitation, confusion, fever, high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, potentially fatal

Answer 6

Depressant used for treating sleeping & anxiety issues, dangerous at high doses

Answer 7

ST - low doses: incr. sense of well-being, alterations in perception of space & time, heightened sensation, hunger, increased heart rate, reddening of eyes, dryness of mouth, later quite, introspective & sleepy - high doses: transient memory & psychosis, loss of touch to reality, impairment to speech & step goal-directed tasks, depersonalization LT: deficits in respiratory function, risk for dependence 10% of users, suspected risk of early onset psychotic disorders Amotivational syndrome: passivity, decreased productivity, loss of motivation WE: anxiety, irritability, anger or aggression, disturbed sleep/dreaming, depressed mood and loss of appetite Medicinal Uses: pain, weight loss, & nausea, seizures

Answer 8

LSD: dramatic shifts in perception, consciousness, increased blood flow & communication between neural networks, especially visual cortex ECSTASY: stimulant & hallucinogenic properties, self confidence, well being, empathy

Answer 9

ST: wave of intense abdominal, orgasmic pleasure that evolves into a state of serene, drowsy euphoria, low heart rate, pupils constrict (3-4hrs) Overdose: muscle spasm, shallow breathing, low blood pressure, coma or death LT (pure heroin): highly addictive, minor effects of constipation, menstrual irregularity, reduced sex drive WE: in this order, Increase in restlessness Watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, sweating Fitful sleep Chills, shivering, profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, pains, tremor, muscle spasms, gooseflesh

Answer 10

Oxycontin (Oxycodone): semisynthetic prescription painkillers (1.5x stronger than morphine) Fentanyl: synthetic prescription painkillers (50-100x stronger than morphine) Carfentanyl: synthetic anesthetic for large animals (10,000x stronger than morphine) Impure drugs, extra added substances causes overdoses, increasing

Answer 11

Learning not to respond to unimportant & repeated stimuli that we deem safe (ex. Snail being constantly tapped stops retracting into shell)

Answer 12

Form of learning in which one comes to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response UCS - Unconditioned Stimulus: stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning UCR - Unconditioned Response: automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned CR - Conditioned Response: response previously associated nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning CS - Conditioned Stimulus: initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 13

0. Prior To Conditioning: - Unconditioned Stimulus Food –response→ Unconditioned Response) Salivation - Neutral Stimulus Bell –response→ No Conditioned Response No Salivation 1. Acquisition/Conditioning Phase: initial stage of learning in which unconditional stimulus & neutral stimulus are paired together, closer pairings in time & novel stimuli makes stronger associations, unconditioned stimulus cannot come before neutral stimulus - Neutral Stimulus Bell + Unconditioned Stimulus Food –response→ Unconditioned Response Salivation - Conditioned Stimulus Bell –response→ Conditioned Response Salivation 2. Extinction: gradual weakening & disappearance of a conditioned response tendency overwritten by new behaviour as CS is repeatedly presented alone - Conditioned Stimulus Bell + No Unconditioned Stimulus Food 3. Spontaneous Recovery: reappearance of an extinct response after a period of non exposure to Conditioned Stimulus Bell

Answer 14

Stimulus Generalization: responding same way when stimulus similar to original conditioned stimulus Stimulus Discrimination: overtime, learns not to generalize and be more discriminating with stimuli Generalization Gradient shows both phenomena, how overtime more similar CS is to OG CS, stronger CR. (Pavlov most similar pitch/sound of metronome elicited the strongest CR)

Answer 15

If response goes extinct in a different environment than it was acquired, conditioned stimulus in original environment where acquisition took place may make conditioned response reappear. Explains why the setting is related to addictions resurfacing & phobias, adaptive associating a place to a stimuli. -Outside: Conditioned Stimulus Bell + No Unconditioned Stimulus Food → Extinction of Conditioned Response No Salivation -Inside: Conditioned Stimulus –response→ Conditioned Response Reappears Salivation

Answer 16

Cognitive Conditioning S-O-R: interpretation/expectation of situation or stimulus affects conditioning and response Bell --food is coming--> salivation Bell --doorbell probably--> no salivation Higher Order Conditioning: conditioning of a second neutral stimulus by pairing it with the original conditioned stimulus with original unconditioned stimulus. Each higher level results in weaker conditioning (ex. Thirsty after someone says lemonade) Bell → Food Clap + Bell → Food Clap → Food = Higher Order Conditioning

Answer 17

Acquisition: Neutral/Conditioned Stimulus = Discriminative Stimulus (Feather) + Unconditioned Stimulus (Traumatic Memory)→ Un/Conditioned Response (Pain/Fear) Exposure Therapy Treatment : extinction of association by confronting conditioned stimulus with no paired unconditioned stimulus, Aversive Stimulus Removed (Conditioned Fear Reduced) Ex. Little Albert Un/conditioned Stimulus (White Rat) + Unconditioned (Fear of Loud Noise) → Un/Conditioned Response (Crying) Phobia: Little Albert displays CR whenever left around white rat Generalization: all white furred animals scare him Discrimination: furry objects were fine

Answer 18

Escape/Avoidance Learning - Operant Conditioning: Response (Run Away) → Close Eyes/Fleeing Negatively Reinforces Fear - Escape learning: when an organism learns to terminate an unpleasant stimulus by distancing itself/escaping during the encounter negatively reinforcing fear - Avoidance learning: learns to prevent the aversive stimulus by engaging in a specific behavior in advance negatively reinforcing fear Fear of dimming will be reinforced as fleeing reduces the chances of extinction.

Answer 19

Neural Plasticity: learning occurs within neural pathways the more we use a pathway the stronger clearer it becomes making unlearning difficult & knowledge not equal understanding (ex. Learning to ride a bike backwards, biases)

Answer 20

Target behavior is elicited automatically vs voluntarily Behavior is a function of what stimuli precedes behavior vs what consequences follow behavior Behavior depends primarily on autonomic nervous system vs skeletal muscles Acquisition occurs by pairing NS+UCS vs Behavior+Consequence Extinction occurs by stopping pairing/reinforcing or pairing/reinforcing a different stimulus/consequence Generalization/Discrimination of stimuli (tone of a bell) vs cues that indicate consequence of a response (snapping fingers)

Answer 21

Conditioned Taste Aversion: evolutionary - only with food, neutral stimulus of a specific food is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, food poisoning, results in a unconditioned response getting ill only needs 1 pairing, 1 trial, occurs only with food & nausea Illness Induced Taste Aversion: rats stopped drinking sugar water when their immune system was suppressed & got ill after drinking it

Answer 22

B.F. Skinner - A form of learning in which responses (actions or behaviors) controlled by their consequences involving learning new actions that are voluntary, learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behavior The Skinner Box: train rat to press lever more & more (incr. Pressing response) with cumulative record of activity, clearly differentiated rates of s-r on different schedules Bar that delivers food when pressed, food dispenser, light that signals when reward is forthcoming Extinction: gradual weakening & disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by reinforcement

Answer 23

Law of Effect: if a behavior (response) in a specific situation leads to satisfying effects, then that response is more likely to occur again in that situation, bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened Thorndike Lab: cat trapped in box experiment, cat’s time to escape decreased gradually over many trials through trial & error with S-R associations

Answer 24

Reinforcement: an event following a response (behavior) increases the organism’s tendency to repeat that response in the future - Positive: stimulus following behavior added that strengthened the response (behavior), usually something pleasant added - Negative: stimulus following behavior removed that strengthened the response, usually something unpleasant removed Punishment: an event following a response decreases the organism’s tendency to repeat that response in the future - Positive: stimulus following a behavior was added that weakened the response, usually something unpleasant added - Negative: stimulus following a behavior was removed that weakened the response, usually something pleasant removed

Answer 25

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement) of a response (ex. Light switch, snap fingers) which can be generalized or distinguished

Answer 26

1. Continual Reinforcement: faster learning & extinction - Response Rate: 1:1 fixed ratio (pop machine) - Resistance Extinction: low 2. Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement: not 1:1 ratio, occasional reinforcement of behavior, slower extinction depending on consistency of administering reinforcement (fixed or variable) and basis of administering reinforcement (ratio/#of responses or time elapsed) Resistance to Extinction: extent to which organism continues to make a response after the reinforcer has been terminated, may be dependent on schedule of reinforcement Extinction Burst: shortly after withdrawing reinforcement the undesired behavior initially increases in intensity, eventually to decrease

Answer 27

FR - Fixed Ratio Schedule: reinforcement provided after a regular, set number of responses have been made - Response Rate: higher ratios (ie 1:100) higher response rates - Resistance Extinction: high, response doesn’t easily fade VR - Variable Ratio Schedule: reinforcement provided after a variable number of responses with the number randomly varying around some average (slot machine) - Response Rate: highest, higher ratios (ie 1:100) - Resistance Extinction: highest, response doesn’t easily fade FI - Fixed Interval Schedule: reinforcement provided after the first response following a regular, set amount of time (school lunch time) - Response Rate: lowest, closer to reinforcement time higher response rates (scalloped) - Resistance Extinction: lowest, easily fades if not reinforced FV - Variable Interval Schedule: reinforcement provided after the first response following a random time interval, varying randomly around some average (avengers movie releases) - Response Rate: closer to reinforcement time higher response rates - Resistance Extinction: low, easily fades if not reinforced

Answer 28

1. Shaping: a process which consists of the reinforcement of closer & closer approximations of a desired response (ex. Training a dog to jump on stool) Training animals by stitching basic steps together to reach final desired complex behavior by reinforcement 2. Stop procrastination by reinforcing/rewarding low rewarding studying with high rewarding activites students like doing 3. Token Economy in psychiatric hospitals for reinforcing & extinguishing behaviors - Primary Reinforcer: item or outcome that naturally increases targeted behavior (ice cream) - Secondary Reinforcer: neutral objects that become associated with primary reinforcers (token)

Answer 29

Latent Learning: something is learned but not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future which can occur without reinforcement - Group of rats not being reinforced in a maze, then later being reinforced completes maze much faster, than other group that is continuously being reinforced Cognitive Map: a mental representation of the physical features of the environment - Rats remembering path & orientation of start point to end point, rats that do the maze & just see from outside the maze are equally good at navigating maze

Answer 30

Trial & error without reinforcement within mind, unconsciously learned acquired, learning that takes place independent of IQ, age, amnesia & awareness of both the process & products of info acquisition, (ex. Finding grammar patterns in memorizing series of words) - ex. Habituation, learning to walk, language acquisition a

Answer 31

Insight Learning: sudden realization of a solution to a problem Kohler’s Work: Gorilla jammed bamboo together to reach bananas without trial and error, with insight)

Answer 32

Observational Learning: organism’s responding is influenced by the observations of models behavior(s) that are reinforced or punished spares us from firsthand learning - Basic Processes: attention to models, retention of observations, reproduction of behavior, motivation to repeat - Diffusion Chain: transmission of modeled behavior in which learners become models Bandura’s doll: kids are more violent towards doll after watching someone being violent, observationally learned aggression

Answer 33

Cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when one both performs & observes that action, “imagining” what it would be like to perform the behavior key to empathy & observational learning

Answer 34

ST: incr. Alertness, blood pressure, breathing rate, urination, endurance, reacting time, focus,, reduced perception of fatigue, can be deadly if taken in extreme doses LT: nervousness, insomnia, stomach irritation, fatigue, correlation studies show no links to cancer or coronary disease, protection from Parkinson's, liver disease, diabetes 2 & caution for children & pregnant women WE: headaches, fatigue, drowsiness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, depressed mood

Answer 35

Most powerful, quickly fading effects, reinforcer, larger the dose the more addictive, physical dependence ST (low doses): euphoria, enhanced mental & physical capacity, extreme happiness, energy, alertness, hypersensitivity to sight, sound & touch, sociability, confidence, irritability, paranoia, less hunger, indifference to pain ST (high doses): heart problems, sweating nausea, confusion, seizures, uncontrollable muscle movements, death LT: Snorting: loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, frequent runny nose, problems with swallowing, Consuming by Mouth: severe bowel decay from reduced blood flow, Needle Injection: higher risk for contracting HIV, hepatitis C, other blood-borne diseases Loss of gray matter → aging, WE: inability to concentrate, think, experience sexual arousal or feel pleasure, fatigue or exhaustion, incr. appetite

Answer 36

Potent, fast & addictive, activates acetylcholine sensitive receptors ST: relaxation, alertness Adjustive Value: enhances positive emotional reactions & minimizes negatives ones causing a physical dependence

Answer 37

Amphetamines: illustrate how different patterns of use can produce different subjective effects - Occasional use of small doses of oral amphetamines to postpone fatigue, elevate mood while performing an unpleasant task - Ingested on a regular basis for euphoria-producing effects rather than for their prescribed purpose → physical dependence & depression when stopped - Inject large doses of amphetamines intravenously to achieve the “rush” of pleasure immediately Restless, talkative, excited, insomnia, loss of appetite, paranoia Methamphetamine (Meth/Crack): highly addictive pure, crystalline, intense exhilaration followed by euphoria that lasts 12-16 hours, high risk of overdose.dependence, weight loss, acne, destroys tissues, tremors, dental problems

Answer 38

Latent Inhibition: CS alone many times/familiar, it’s difficult to classically condition