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PSYC*1010 > PSYC*1010 Chapter 6: Probability > Flashcards

PSYC*1010 Chapter 6: Probability Flashcards

1
Q

How is the probability of a specific outcome defined?

A

As a fraction, or proportion, of all possible outcomes

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2
Q

What is the notation for probability?

A

“Probability of event A” = p(event A)

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3
Q

How can probability be expressed?

A
  • Fractions
  • Decimals
  • Percentages
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4
Q

How is probability most commonly expressed?

A

Decimals

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5
Q

All probability values are between ___ and ___

A

0 and 1

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6
Q

What does a probability of 0 indicate?

A

That the event is impossible/will not occur

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7
Q

What does a probability of 1 indicate?

A

That the event is certain/will occur

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8
Q

How are populations compared to samples?

A

Using probability

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9
Q

How are samples compared to populations?

A

Using inferential statistics

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10
Q

How is probability used in inferential statistics?

A

To predict the type of samples that are likely to be obtained from a population (estimates the connection between samples and populations)

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11
Q

What is percentile rank?

A

The percentage of individuals in the distribution with scores less than or equal to the specific score

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12
Q

When a score is referred to by its percentile rank, what is the score called?

A

A percentile

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13
Q

What does a random sample require?

A

That each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected

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14
Q

What is a simple random sample?

A

A sample obtained from random sampling

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15
Q

What is the main difference between a simple random sample and an independent random sample?

A
  • Simple random sample: result of random sampling WITHOUT replacement
  • Independent random sample: result of random sampling WITH replacement
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16
Q

What is the additional requirement of independent random sampling?

A

The probability of being selected remains constant from one selection to the next if more than one individual is selected

17
Q

How does the probability of being selected remain constant from one selection to the next if more than one individual is selected?

A

By returning each individual selected to the population before making the next selection (sampling with replacement)

18
Q

Which type of sampling assures no bias?

A

Independent random sampling/sampling with replacement

19
Q

Unless specified, which random sampling technique should be assumed as the method used?

A

Independent random sampling

20
Q

T or F: When a population is presented in a frequency distribution graph, portions of the graph do not correlate to probabilities.

A
  • False
  • A particular portion of the frequency distribution graph corresponds to a particular probability in the population
21
Q

T or F: Probabilities and proportions are equivalent.

A

True

22
Q

What are the three main physical properties of a normal distribution?

A
  • Symmetrical
  • Single mode in the middle
  • Frequencies tapering off toward either end of the distribution
23
Q

What is the unit normal table?

A

A table listing proportions corresponding to each z-score location in a normal distribution

24
Q

What is contained in column A of the unit normal table?

A

The z-score values corresponding to different position in a normal distribution

25
Q

What is contained in column B of the unit normal table?

A

The proportion of scores in the body of the distribution

26
Q

What is contained in column C of the unit normal table?

A

The proportion of scores in the tail of the distribution

27
Q

What is contained in column D of the unit normal table?

A

The proportion of scores located between the z-score and mean of the distribution

28
Q

What is the difference between the body and the tail of a distribution?

A
  • Body: the larger portion of the distribution*
  • Tail: the smaller portion of the distribution*

*Regardless of which side of the mean the proportion is on

29
Q

What are two ways in which the unit normal table can be used?

A
  • To determine proportions/probabilities for specific z-score values
  • To find the location of a z-score corresponding to specific proportions

PSYC*1010 (13 decks)

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