PSY311 5. Parenting Flashcards
What is a Family?
• Two or more people related by birth, marriage,
adoption, or choice
• Have emotional ties and responsibilities to one
another
• Important for successful parenting:
– Family structure?
üResources (e.g., economic, social support)
üQuality of parent-child interactions/relationships
üEmotional climate and stability
What is a Family?
-strong evidence that family structure not determinant of life consequences
there is research that children with 2 parents tend to show better consequences, but it’s more because of other parenting factors
What is a Family?
-
What is a Family?
-
What is a Family?
-
What is Socialization?
• Process of helping children internalize the
attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors of the
larger society
– Controls and regulates children’s behavior
– Promotes children’s personal growth
– Perpetuates the social order
• Family as the main agent of socialization
• Family as a social system
• Bidirectional influences!
What is Socialization?
-child has incorporated ideas into own beliefs and values
internalization*
teaches them how to control behaviour
helps maintain human society
although there are other agents such as school and peers, the most consistent and important agent is the family, specifically the parents
family system: child lives within system
family is bigger than sum of its parts
network of reciprocal relationships that are constantly evolving
affected by the community
bidirectional and circular relationship: parents relationship, parenting, infants behaviour and development
every person in the family is affected and affects other members
naive to focus only on mother child relationship to explain development
What is Socialization?
-
What is Socialization?
-
What is Socialization?
-
Early Theories of Socialization
Psychodynamic Model • Emphasis on nurturance • Child’s psychosexual, psychosocial, and personality development influenced by relationship between mother and child • Parents have the responsibility of constraining children’s instinctual impulses, child develops selfcontrol • Grouped parenting practices into broader categories (parenting attitudes) on the basis of their potential to alter emotional processes • Schaefer’s (1959) circumplex model
Early Theories of Socialization
-parents must help child control the id until the child has self-control
e.g. circumplex model
more concerned with attitudes (cognitions + ideas)
behaviourist
concerned with how children learned through conditioning
ferberation when a baby cries - don’t always go to it
more concerned with parenting behaviours
easier to measure
Early Theories of Socialization
-
Early Theories of Socialization
-
Early Theories of Socialization
Learning (Behaviorist) Model • Emphasis on control • Child’s development “shaped” by parental reinforcement of good behavior and punishment of bad behavior • Watson – parents should refrain from kissing, cuddling, and holding infants so that they don’t develop “bad habits” (e.g., clinging to parents, protesting separation) • Categorized parenting style according to behavior patterns (parenting practices) • Sears, Maccoby, & Levin’s (1957) child-rearing patterns
Early Theories of Socialization
-
Early Theories of Socialization
-
Early Theories of Socialization
-
Schaefer’s (1959) Circumplex Model of Maternal Behavior Concepts
AUTONOMY LOVE CONTROL Freedom Democratic Cooperative Accepting Detached Indifferent Neglecting Rejecting Demanding antagonistic Authoritarian dictatorial Possessive Over indulgent Protective indulgent Over protective
Schaefer’s (1959) Circumplex Model of Maternal Behavior Concepts
-at this time, not much research
watched mothers with children and noted parenting behaviour they displayed
took behaviours and factor analyzed them
fit nicely into 4 dimensions - parenting attitudes
orthogonal - not correlated with one another
conceptually distinct dimensions
mapped behaviours he observed on dimensions
e.g. democratic - 60% and 85% autonomy
behaviour concept that shows an attitude of both autonomy and love
Schaefer’s (1959) Circumplex Model of Maternal Behavior Concepts
-
Schaefer’s (1959) Circumplex Model of Maternal Behavior Concepts
-
Sears, Maccoby, & Levin’s (1957) Patterns of Child Rearing
Mothers’ parenting patterns Permissiveness /strictness Family adjustment Relationship warmth Responsible child-training orientation Aggressiveness /punitiveness Perception of husband Orientation toward child well-being
Sears, Maccoby, & Levin’s (1957) Patterns of Child Rearing
Control
Permissiveness/
strictness
Compliance
Sears, Maccoby, & Levin’s (1957) Patterns of Child Rearing
-landmark publication - study of several hundred middle class parents
Boston 1950s
first detailed analysis on parenting discipline and its link to child behaviour
did a factor analysis - 7 factors of parenting patterns
some are more attitudes e.g. perception of husbands, but it would play out in behaviours
higher level ways of organizing practices
e.g. permissiveness/strictness - sanctions on aggression, rules on common living areas, physical punishment or tolerance on certain behaviours
relationship warmth - warmth in mother child relationship had the most pervasive influence on young children’s development
e.g. fondness, admiration, enjoyment
expressed by nurturance, positive affect
similar to Schafer’s dimension of love vs hostility - conceptualized it as continuum
Sears et al. conceptualized it was more behaviour
Schafer criticized that it was hard to find relationships between practices
e.g. warmth and orientation toward child well-being
but measuring attitudes can have limited usefulness to researchers
this is more useful because parenting processes mediate the process between attitudes and developmental consequences
you would need to know the parenting behaviours displayed that lead to compliance to reflect the attitudes
Sears, Maccoby, & Levin’s (1957) Patterns of Child Rearing
-
Sears, Maccoby, & Levin’s (1957) Patterns of Child Rearing
-
Dimensions of Parenting Style in Early Empirical Research
1939 Symonds Acceptance Rejection Dominance Submission 1955 Baldwin Warmth Hostility Detachment Involvement 1959 Schaefer Love Hostility Autonomy Control
Dimensions of Parenting Style in Early Empirical Research
1957 Sears, Maccoby, & Levin Warmth! Permissiveness Strictness 1964 Becker Warmth Hostility Permissiveness Strictness
Dimensions of Parenting Style in Early Empirical Research
dimensional heuristics in how parental socialization shaped development
WWII - Lewin - interested in group atmosphere
forced boys to work under authoritarian, democratic, and laissez faire leadership - found those under democratic were more productive
set stage for Baldwin’s research
Home visits - democratic family system
warm democracy - affectionate and more empathy for child
associated with better development outcome
scientific democracy - detachment and empirical thinking for child-
Dimensions of Parenting Style in Early Empirical Research
-
Baumrind’s (1967; 1971) Typology of Parenting Styles
① Authoritarian parenting – Controlling and restrictive pattern – Many demands/rules, expect obedience, punitive and forceful
tactics, no explanations, no sensitivity to child’s view
② Authoritative parenting – Controlling but flexible pattern – Many (reasonable) demands, provide rationales, responsive
to child’s view, democratic
③ Permissive parenting – Accepting but lax pattern – Few demands, child has free expression of feelings/impulses,
poor monitoring of child’s activities, lack of follow-through
with punishments
Baumrind’s (1967; 1971) Typology of Parenting Styles
-how ppl used parental control
based on previous models - interested in Baldwin’s democratic warmth
parents should be less strict and more willing to express unconditional love
convinced that authoritarian and permissive parenting no matter how much love was given would result in less optimal child outcome
studied how happy the child was, how well they did in school
1. authoritarian:
e.g. corpal punishment
2. authoritative:
still controlling - firm limits, high expectations, but more flexible
e.g. negotiate fair punishment
while they are less strict, they place control and limits at just as high of a level as authoritarian parenting
3. permissive parenting
few demands, not a lot of expectations
inconsistent discipline
Baumrind’s (1967; 1971) Typology of Parenting Styles
-
Baumrind’s (1967; 1971) Typology of Parenting Styles
-
Baumrind’s (1967; 1971) Typology of Parenting Styles
-
How is Baumrind’s Typology Different?
• Specified one broad parenting function (control) and
expanded on parenting behaviors within that single domain
• Did not try to organize control linearly from high to low,
instead distinguished among three qualitatively different types
• Used a configurational approach to define parenting style -
the influence of any one aspect of parenting is dependent on
the configuration of all other aspects – Parents who practice a specific type (e.g., authoritarian) also tend
to differ along other dimensions (e.g., poor communication, less
nurturant)
– More ecologically valid (grounded in naturally occurring parenting
styles)
• Saw the socialization process as dynamic – The parenting style used actually alters how open children are to
parents’ attempts to socialize them
How is Baumrind’s Typology Different?
-looked only at control
not on a continuum, but more categorical
configurational approach: emphasize more holistic process
not just what researchers thought was important to look at in parenting
set clear expectations which over time allows child to get better at recognizing appropriate behaviour
fosters different schemas of how world works
more open to socialization and parents’ influence
How is Baumrind’s Typology Different?
-
How is Baumrind’s Typology Different?
-
