PSY2004 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 1 Flashcards
define NDC
lifelong condition that affects how brain develops and leads to atypical development, ranging from mild to severe, and can be caused by genetic or environmental factor, or both
neurodevelopmental condition history - what was used for differentiation between condition
IQ, to term idiocy and imbecile
neurodevelopmental condition history - what was idiots savants
intellectual disability, but with exceptional ability in narrow field (autism)
neurodevelopmental condition history - what was attentio volubilis
easily rotating, ie easily distract and hard to maintain attention (ADHD)
neurodevelopmental condition history - what happened in 1913
mental deficiency act, those labelled mentally defective institutionalised
neurodevelopmental condition history - what happened in 1920s
commonwealth fund for child guidance clinics
neurodevelopmental condition history - what happened in 1920/30’s
expansion of charitable and govermental services for child psychological wellbeing
neurodevelopmental condition history - what happened in 1959
the MHA
neurodevelopmental condition history - what happened in 1960-80’s
largescale movement to universalise NDC in psychiatry, psychology, neuroscience
what drove the movement for universalising terms for NDC in 1960’s
growing international collaboration
advancements in research
need for standardised diagnosis and treatment
summarise order of official recognition for the different NDC
Down Syndrome (1866)
Autism (1943)
ADD (1960s)
Williams syndrome (1961)
FASD (1973)
Intellectual disability as standalone diagnosis (1980)
summarise historical perspective on NDC
each condition treated as discrete, standalone diagnosis
concept of developmental disorders in 1820
NDC as a group label wasn’t DSM until 2013, as now have understanding of overlap between behaviours/characteristic across condition
name factors contributing to inclusion of developmental conditions categories in DSM-3 (1980)
growing recognition and research into distinct characteristic, impact
need for consistency and reliability on diagnosis, classification, treatments, planning
advocacy groups/families
how did DSM-3 (1980’s) approach developmental condition classifications
categorical approach = distinct category w specific criteria
LD eg; dyslexia
mental retardation eg; DS, FASD
motor skills disorders eg; tourettes, CP
communication disorders eg; stutter
pervasive developmental disorders eg; ASD
for DSM-3, give some examples of mental retardation category in development condition
DS, FASD
for DSM-3, name example of motor skills disorders in development category
tourettes, CP
name issue for DSM-3 categorisation
many overlap and did not separate neurological/mental
compare DSM-3 and 5
5: recognise theres different neurological/biological origins, and groups conditions into 1 broad category of NDC to include ASD, ADHD, specific LD, motor disorders, communication disorders
acknowledge sharing behaviours, or co-diagnosis
what terminology main change has happened
use conditions not disorders, moving away from a medical approach
name 4 different type of reason for atypical development
pre-natal effects
environmental effects
genetic effects
unknown/multifaceted effects
name example of pre-natal effect on atypical development
exposure to teratogen = FASD
name example of environmental effects on atypical development
complications during birth = CP
name example of genetic effects on atypical development
hereditary, spontaneous mutation (CNV) = Williams syndrome, DS
name example of unknown/multifaceted effects on atypical development
ASD, ADHD
what causes FASD
ethanol alter DNA + protein synthesis, inhibits cell migration = physical/cognitive change
unsure what amount alcohol needed, depend when consumed (early pregnancy), associated with binge drinking
whats prevalence of FASD in Ontario Canada
2-3% primary school children
name abnormal facial features in FASD
smooth ridge between nose and upper lip, microcephaly (small head)
name physical issues in FASD
shorter, low BMI, sleep and sucking issue as baby, vision/hearing problem, heart/kidney/bone problem
name cognitive issues in FASD
hyperactive, poor coordination, attention issues, poor memory, LD, speech and language delay, low IQ, poor reasoning and judgement abilities
what is issues when diagnosising in FASD
overlaps with ADHD
explain diagnosing intellectual disability
standalone diagnosis, but can cooccur on other NDC (autism, FASD)
diagnosis based on IQ evaluation and adaptive behaviours
mild, moderate, severe and profound
in unknown, or multifacted effects on NDC, what is used in diagnoses
behavioural observation
name and explain 2 diagnostic features of ADHD
inattention (both modulation and disengaging - hyperfixation)
hyperactivity and impulsivity
name 2 diagnostic features for ASD
deficits in social communication and social interaction
restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities
outline size orders of gene, DNA etc..
DNA (instruction), contain genes, contain chromosomes
how is chromosome labelled
short arm = p
long arm = q
chromosome regions label with numbers = lower number mean closest to centre of it
define genetic abnormalities
too many or too few of particular genes resulting from extra, duplication, deletion chromosomes
give example of NDC in extra chromosome
DS, extra chromosome-21
give example of NDC in chromosome duplication
16p11.2
give example of NDC in chromosome deletion
Williams syndrome
what are deletion/duplication chromosomes also called
Copy Number Variants (CNV’s)
what is 16p.11.2 associated with
ADHD, autism, intellectual disability, anxiety, OCD
outline 16p.11.2 varied presentation
can lead to condition, or is undetected
usually only detected when come into clinic for signs of developmental delay, autistic features
what causes William syndrome
spontaneous deletion at chromosome 7q11.2
give physical characteristic of Williams syndrome
distinct facial appearance, cardiac anomalies, connective tissue anomalies
give cognitive characteristics of William syndrome
highly sociable personality, atypical cognitive profile (verbal IQ strength> performance VSS IQ)
name prevalence of William syndrome
1/10,000
outline physical characteristic of DS
short neck, poor muscle tone, flattened facial profile and nose, upward slanting eyes, wide and short hand with shorter fingers, single deep crease across palms of hand
outline cognitive feature of DS
short attention span, impulsive behaviour, slow learning, delayed language and speech development, variable IQ (usually 30-70)
