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PYS2003 > PSY2003 W1 Schizophrenia 1 - L > Flashcards

PSY2003 W1 Schizophrenia 1 - L Flashcards

Schizophrenia 1

1
Q

Schizophrenia Frequency

A

1% of the population

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2
Q

Etymology of Schizophrenia

A

“A plitting of the mind” skhizein ‘to split’ and phren ‘heart/mind’

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3
Q

Grandiose delusions (GDs) Definition

A

delusions of grandeur are a subtype of delusion characterized by extraordinary belief that one is famous, wealthy, superior

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3
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • Auditory/Visual hallucinations for prolonged periods
  • Cognitive problems (problem solving/frontal lobe tasks)
  • Negative effects
  • Periods of mania
  • Disorganised, confused speech
  • Bizarre delusion (paranoid, grandiose, persecution)
  • Inappropriate affect
  • Incoherent thoughts
  • Odd behaviour
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3
Q

Original Definition of Schizophrenia

A

Breakdown of integration between emotion, thought and action.

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4
Q

What causes schizophrenia?

A

Brain: difference in functional connectivity, differences in neurotransmitters.

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5
Q

Historical Perspectives - R.D. Laing

A

Thought ‘normal’ was a product of repression denial, splitting, projection, introjection and other forms of destructive action on expeirence.

He believed schizophrenia was a way of coping with a disfunctional environement (family) and was normal.

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6
Q

Historical Perspectives - Freud

A

Believed that “paranoid edlusions result from repressed sexual urges which are striving for expression” - no evidence by report as a fact in the 1980s

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7
Q

Behavioural Genetics - Monozygotic/Dizygotic

A

Monozygotic - identical twins 100%
Dizygotic fratenal twins 50% (same as other simblings)

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8
Q

Schizophrenia Genetics - Monozygotic

A

45% concordance rate for schizophrenia.

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9
Q

Schizophrenia Genetics - Dizygotic

A

10% concordance rate for schizophrenia.

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10
Q

What is the main environmental factor?

A

Stress: exposure to stressors is common before an episode and there is a correlation between the amount of stress and severity of episode.

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11
Q

Spefcific envrionmental stressors - Schizophrenia

A

Richard Bentall researched on individual envrionemtnal factors (bullying- linked to delusions)

Specific environmental factor and how they might relate to specific symptoms in schizophrenia.

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12
Q

CAPE Scores

A

Mesure of psychotic experiences

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13
Q

Pharmacological treatments Chlorpromazine

A

originally marketed as an antihistamine (used to treat fevers/allergies as an anti-inflammatory).

French surgeon noticed it calmed normal patients when used as anti-inflammatory. Decided it might calm schizophrenics and it did.

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14
Q

Pharmacological Treatments - Reserpine

A

Taken from snake root plant. Used to treat mental illness in India. Also effective in treating schizophrenia

15
Q

Similarities between Chlorpromazine adn Reserpine

A

both take 2-3 weeks of medication to work. Symptoms like those in Parkinson’s disease start to emerge. It was then discovered that Parkinson’s disease was due to a loss of dopamine (DA) in the Nigro-striatal pathway

16
Q

Mode of Action - Reserpine

A

Reserpine depletes vesicles (pops them) so reduce amount of DA that can be released, which depletes the brain of DA.

17
Q

Dopamine - Schizophrenia Treatment

A

Drugs (Chlorpromazine and Reserpine) Block dopamine (DA) which affects the substantia nigra (brings dopamine to emotions and motor areas [Dorsal striatum]) and ventral tegmental area which creates Parkinson like symptoms

18
Q

Mode of action - Chlorpromazine

A

Chlorpromazine blocsk DA receptors so stops the DA from binding the receptors.
False transmitter (antagonists) binds to DA receptors but has no effect, adn stops DA working as it can’t bind to the receptors.

19
Q

The Dopamine Hypothesis - what lead to it?

A

Pharmacological treatment (Chlorpromazine and Reserpine) affect on dopamine pathways lead to the dopamine hypothesis.

20
Q

Other evidence for DA hypothesis

A

Recreational drugs that can increase dopamine.
They act directly on dopamine, because they block reuptake (therefore leave more in the synapse cleft)
If you take high or prologued doses of these drugs you might get cocaine or amphetamine psychosis which has similar symptoms as schizophrenia.

21
Q

Summary of DA theory

A

Drugs that reduce dopamine neurotransmission reduce psychotic symptoms.
Drugs that increase dopamine neurotransmission can produce psychotic symptoms.
This led to dopamine theory of schizophrenia

22
Q

Efficacy of an anti-psychotic drug - receptors

A

Antischizophrenic efficacy is linked to how well they bind to dopamine receptors.
Possitive correlation between the abilitiy of typical neuroleptics (anti-psychotics) to bind to D2 receptors and their clinical potency.

23
Q

Haloperidol - anti-psychotic

A

Haloperidol isn’t good at binding to dopamine receptors becuase there’s more than 1 type of DA receptors

24
Q

Dopamine Receptors

A

D1 [D1 + D5]
D2 [D2 + D3 + D4]

25
Q

What are Dopamine Receptors

A

Metabotropic receptors
When you bind to the receptor you produce change in the cell via a G protein stimulating second messenger systems, different enzyme and they can interfere with ion channels eventually and change the excitability of the neuron rather than being a simple channel.

26
Q

D1-Like Dopamine Receptors

A

+ Positively coupled to adenylate cyclase

27
Q

D2 - like Dopamine receptors

A
  • Negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase
28
Q

Adenylate cyclase

A

is an enzyme that helps send messages inside the cells

29
Q

Newer drugs ‘atypical antipsychotics’ - DA receptors

A

(clozapine) bind specifficaly to different D2 like receptors, specifically D4

30
Q

Pharmacological fallacy

A

a drug treating something, and it works in a certain way doesn’t mean that you had a problem of a reduction of that thing in the first place. But believing that is pharmacological fallacy.

31
Q

PET (positron emmission tomography)

A

Radioactive substence you inject into the blood, it crosses the blood brain barrier into the brain, you can use a scintilation counter to see where in the brain the radioactivity is and how much there is.

32
Q

Seeman, Philip and Kapur, Shij 2000

A

Deplete the natural dopamine with a Reserpine type drug (pops vesicle) and see how many radioactive chemical (IBZM), which measure dopamin ereceptors.
1st looked the number of receptors inpresecen of dopamine then used reserpine adn sa an increase in receptors in peoplewith schizophrenia.

33
Q

Treatment efficacy and dopamine receptors

A

The greater number of dopamine receptors they had in the first place indicates a good predictor of how much better they were goin gto get once on antipsychotic medication

34
Q

Dopamine systems and Schizophrenics

A

Evidence that dopamine system is overactive in schizophrenics

35
Q

R.D Laing Limitation

A

Heavy focus on family dynamics with no control condition
Lack of empirical evidence
Lack of focus on biological factors

PYS2003 (4 decks)

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