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PSY1010 > PSY1010 - Module 2 > Flashcards

PSY1010 - Module 2 Flashcards

final exam prep

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

change is inevitable

change can occur over the lifespan

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2
Q

3 core issues Developmental Psychology

A
  1. roles of nature vs nurture
  2. importance of early experiences (critical periods)
  3. change continuous or discrete
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3
Q

Nature of change

A

acquisition or loss
continuous - gradual alteration of behaviour
discontinuous - stages that are qualitatively different (usually ordered in a fixed sequence)

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4
Q

types of Developmental Methodology

A
  1. cross-sectional: different groups at same time
  2. longitudinal: same group at multiple time points
  3. sequential: different age groups at multiple time points
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5
Q

Physical development - prenatal

A
  • germinal - first 2 weeks (cell division - zygote)
  • embryonic - 2 weeks - 2nd month (most significant period for susceptability to teratogens: includes viruses, chemicals, drugs, radiation etc)
  • foetal - 9 weeks to after birth
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6
Q

John Piaget - Cognitive Development Theory

A

cognition - mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
children have schemas (organised patterns of thoughts and behaviours) development involves modification of intellectual schemas

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7
Q

Assimilation and Accomodation

A

Assimilation: taking on new information
Accomodation: adjusting current schema to meet new information
Equilibration: the combo of Assimilation and Accomodation

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8
Q

John Piaget 4 stages of Cognitive Development

A
  1. Sensorimotor - 0-2 (object permanence)
  2. Pre-operational - 2-7 (egocentrism)
  3. Concrete operational - 7-12 (conservation)
  4. Formal operational - 12+

didn’t consider the role of culture

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9
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development

A

emphasised the role of social interaction

zone of proximal development

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10
Q

Information Processing approach of Cognitive Development

A
  • processing speed - mental quickness increases with age
  • automatisation - ability to perform some tasks automatically
  • knowledge base - gained with experience
  • cognitive strategies
  • meta cognition - thinking about thinking
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11
Q

Ageing

A

fluid intelligence - uses logic to learn, declines with age

crystallised intelligence - use knowledge, skills and experience accumulated over lifetime, increases with age

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12
Q

Social Development

A 
-change in feeling, thought and behaviour across lifespan
critical issues:
1. attachment
2. socialisation
3. changes in moral reasoning
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13
Q

Harry Harlow

A

contact comfort - crucial element

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14
Q

John Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

A

linked Harlow’s findings to children reared in institutions

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15
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Strange Situation

  1. Securely attached
  2. Avoidant
  3. Ambivalent
  4. Disorganised (adults - unresolved)
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16
Q

Socialisation

A

the process by which children learn the beliefs, values, skills and behaviour patters of their society

17
Q

Parents as social agents

A
  • Authoritarian
  • Permissive
  • Authoritative
  • Uninvolved
18
Q

Socialisation of gender

A

amongst the most powerful roles into which people are socialised
psychological meaning of being male or female
sex typing: how children acquire personality traits culturally considered appropriate to their sex

19
Q

Evolving self concept

A

visual self-recognition 15-24mths of age

Rudd(?) Rouge test

20
Q

Theory of Mind

A

an implicit set of ideas about the existence of mental states (such as beliefs and feelings) in oneself and others
develops between 2 and 4
pre-cursor to perspective taking

21
Q

Kohlberg’s 3 stages in understanding gender

A
  1. gender identity - ability to characterise the self and others as male or female
  2. gender stability - understanding gender remains constant over time
  3. gener constancy - gender can not be altered by changes in appearance or activities
22
Q

Erikson’s 8 stages Theory of Psychosocial Development

A
  1. Basic trust vs mistrust - 0-18mths
  2. autonomy vs shame and doubt - 1-2years
  3. initiative vs guilt - 3-6years
  4. industry vs inferiority - 7-11years
  5. identity vs identity confusion - teenage (adolescence)
  6. intimacy vs isolation - 20s and 30s (young adulthood)
  7. generativity vs stagnation - 40s to 60’s (midlife)
  8. integrity vs despair - 60s onwards
23
Q

Piaget 2 stages of morality

A
  1. morality of constraint - before 9-10 conform to societal rules
  2. morality of cooperation - older children view rules as social interactions for keeping interactions safe, fair and comfortable - can be changed with mutual consent
24
Q

Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning

A
  1. Preconventional - avoiding punishment obtaining reward
  2. conventional: meeting moral standards, maintaining law and order
  3. postconventional: concern on abstract, carefully considered principles
25
Q

Moral development - cognitive-social theories

A

focus on moral behaviour rather than reasoning
moral behaviours learned through conditioning and modelling
prosocial behaviour benefits other individuals or groups

26
Q

Information processing view of moral development

A

series of sequential judgements
developmental changes can occur at each level of the sequence
cause - moral responsibility - blame = punishment or no punishment

27
Q

Psychodynamic theories of moral development

A

children begin moral development as narcissistic

conscious develops between 2-5 - children take on the values of their parents, guilt is the primary motivation

28
Q

Empathy

A

consists of cognitive (understanding what the other person is experiencing) and emotional (experiencing similar emotion) components
empathy contributes to pro-social behaviour (altruism, selflessness)

29
Q

Kohlberg’s 6 stages of moral development

A 
1. Preconventional 
stage 1 - obedience punishment
stage 2 - individualism and exchange
2. Conventional
stage 3 - good interpersonal relationships
stage 4 - maintaining social order
3. Postconventional
stage 5 - social contract and individual rights
stage 6 - universal principles

PSY1010 (3 decks)

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