Psy. Chapter 5 Flashcards
Learning
a permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude. Acquired through experience not illness or memory.
Classical conditioning
A type of learning where an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another
Stimulus
Anything in your environment that causes an organisms to respond.
Pavlovian Conditioning
Also known as classical conditioning.
Respondent Conditioning
Also know as classical conditioning
Unconditioned Response
UR
A response that happens without prior learning. Salvation, blinking, startling.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Something that causes a unconditioned response without prior learning. ex. food, found noise, and dust.
Conditioned Stimulus
a neutral stimulus like a bell that is repeated and paired with a unconditioned stimulus like food becomes connected with a conditioned response.
Conditioned Response
Learned response that happens when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with a unconditioned stimulus. Ex. when the bell and food are paired which makes the dog salivate
Higher-Order Conditioning
Conditioning that happens when stimuli are joined together to form signals in a chain of events Ex. sitting in the doctor’s office, getting the needle ready, tapping your arm, and having the needle go into your arm.
Extinction
The weakening and disappearance of a condition response as a result of repeated presentation of condition stimulus without a unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a extinguished conditioned response when an organism is exposed to a conditioned stimulus.
Generalization
Making the conditioned response to a stimulus similar to the original conditioned
stimulus.
Discrimination
A learned ability to decipher between similar stimuli. The conditioned response only occurs in response to the original conditioned stimulus, not to similar stimuli.
Neutral stimulus
Presented shortly before an unconditioned response. Ex. food.
Naturally elicits an unconditioned response. Ex. salvation.
After repeated pairings , the conditioned
stimulus causes the conditioned response.
Baby Albert
Was classical conditioned to fear furry animals because everytime he saw one he was conditioned to hear a sound noise which would scare him.
Operant Conditioning
Changing a behavior either positive or negative.
Operant
A voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence
Postive Reinforcement
When something good happens to encourage a behavior to continue.
Negative Reinforcement
Doing something pleasant to take something unpleasant go away.
Reinforcement
Rewarding good behavior or doing something pleasant to take the unpleasant thing away.
Shaping
Rewording behavior in small steps until you reach your desired response.
Punishment
Opposite of reinforcement. Taking something pleasant away or adding something unpleasant. Ex. Taking away your cell phone or making you do the dishes which you really hate.
Disadvantages of punishment
It is not changing the behavior. If you take away the punishment the behavior will come back. Serve punishment can lead to aggression and to the child become a bully.
Avoidance learning
You don’t want to be involved in the situation. Ex. Procrastination is a form of avoidance behavior.
Learned Helplessness
Being conditioned to be passive, or helpless in a bad situation.
Cognitive Learning
Remembering and forming mental thoughts. Mental processes include thinking, knowing, and problem solving.
How does the media affect learning?
Media affects learning because if children see violence on the T.V. or in movies, they are going to think that is ok to do in real life, when its not ok. If somebody does not stop the violent behavior there could be worse consequences when the child becomes an adult. Also, playing violent video games causes feelings of anger and makes people less sensitive to violent pictures or situations.
Multitasking
Multitasking may leave a person less capable of managing their thinking when they are not multitasking. We are also less effective when we multitask then when we don’t is because our brain is only supposed to be doing one thing at a time.
