PSY 230 EXAM 1 TERMINOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
womb to tomb
A
conception to death
2
Q
miniature adults
A
children are miniature adults
3
Q
New Amsterdam
A
law that said any parent could have their child put to death if they disobeyed
4
Q
John Locke
A
tabula rasa Nurturist
5
Q
tabula rasa
A
born with minds of blank slate/ knowing nothing
6
Q
nurturist
A
the environment we grow up in puts info on our “blackboard”
7
Q
Skinner
A
rewards and punishments shape development; the key aspect of development is behavior; behavior with a reward is more likely to recur than a punishing stimulus
8
Q
Chomsky
A
babbling begins at 2 months of age in all normal babies and contains sounds of all languages in the world, will remain up to 6 months of age after which sounds not reinforced disappear.
9
Q
Rousseau
A
noble savage Nurturist; born knowing right from wrong/ biological basis
10
Q
Naturist
A
biological basis
11
Q
interactionists
A
environment and biology play a part in learning
12
Q
Pilgrims
A
thought that children were mini adults
13
Q
Classical Methods
A
Baby Biography, Questionnaire, and Case History
14
Q
Baby Biography
A
Tiedermann; find out what environment they grew up in and observe their behavior, but he wanted the child to be observed 24/7; many people were illiterate so records couldn’t be kept
15
Q
Questionnaire
A
Hall and Chaille; people still needed to read and write and people could have trouble being honest if someone Is there asking them
16
Q
Faking Scale
A
(M.M.P.I) help us find people giving honest answer
17
Q
yeah-sayers/nay sayers
A
get stuck in certain mode of responding/ease of analyzability
18
Q
Case History
A
Freud; finding out how and why something happened; atypical situation, go back and ask info; problems: memory, unhonest answers and strange behavior
19
Q
DES
A
synthetic hormone that prevented miscarriages; caused cancer and it went to the children of the mother that took it
20
Q
Descriptive Methods
A
watching behavior and recording what you see
21
Q
Naturalistic Observation
A
observing subject w/o cooperation/ knowledge in normal setting
22
Q
Structured Observation
A
observing subject w/o cooperation/knowledge in setting of the experimenter’s choosing
23
Q
Correlational Methods
A
relationship between two or more variables/make predictions
24
Q
r=
A
correlation coefficient
25
r=0
r=-1.00
r=+1.00
no relationship
perfect relationship
perfect relationship
26
direct relationship
both go up or both go down
27
inverse relationship
as one goes up, the other goes down or vice versa
28
perfect relationship
-1.00 and +1.00
29
strong relationship
closer to 1
30
weak relationship
closer to 0
31
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
develop a test to determine who would do good or bad in school; first IQ test
32
Bettelheim
```
correlational study to see:
(A) Autistic Children (show repetitiveness, self abusive behavior
(B) refrigerator parents (cold mean)
- A causes B
-B causes A
```
33
Schizophrenogenic
(genic) causing Schizophrenia
34
ex post facto study
after the subject assigns themselves to groups based on characteristics they possess prior to the start of the study
35
cross-cultural study
look at particular behavior in two or more societies throughout the world
36
universalities
find behavior is the same in every culture
37
babbling
Chomsky and that it begins at 2 months of age in all normal babies and contains sounds of all languages in the world and will remain up to 6 months of age after which the sounds not reinforced will disappear
38
Language Acquisition Device
built into the organism and kicks on at 2 months of age
39
Margaret Mead
gender identity in New Guinea:
Tribe A: male- dominant, aggressive, and independent
females- passive, dependent, and pregnant
Tribe B: females- providers and protectors males-passive and dependent
Tribe C: males or females- providers/protectors
males or females- passive/dependent
NOT BIOLOGICALLY DETERMINED
40
Androgyny
display masculine or feminine characteristics
41
Comparative Study
look at behavior in different studies
42
ASL/ Ameslan
got a chimp Washoe and raised her like child and when she was 18 months, she signed mama/papa.. 2 years, she was combining words
43
Discrimination Learning
showing subjects a group of objects that differ in some way and asking the subjects to discriminate between the objects and choose the right one
44
verbal mediation
what adults use to solve the problems
45
abstract thought
solving problem in head using logic: not particular, looking at size & direction
46
concrete thought
very specific/particular; how children think(the box always got me M&Ms
47
forebrain
thinking, problem solving, cognitive processing, language, math
48
midbrain
sensory relay system
49
hindbrain
autonomic functioning, breathing, heart care
50
Alzheimer's disease
when a cerebral biopsy is done, there is damage to the forebrain, and is not seen until biopsy is done; start acting like children/rat
51
PKU
missing enzymes causing developmental delay (can't digest dairy products)
52
Goals of Research
Describe
Explain
Predict
Control (the environment so development will occur) (children at park runs to mother crying...why?)
53
Experimental Studies
best type of study giving us cause and effect
54
hypothesis
"if then" form
55
independent variable
what experimenter is giving subject (showing violence to kids or no)
56
dependent variable
(how the children acted towards the violence)
57
extraneous (confounding) variable
time, temp, food you ate..
58
operational definition
observable/measureable events (ex: looking at people in the room to see who is in love)
59
population
entire group of people that you are interested in (ex: wanting to see how much people learn in psych 230 but get random names to see grades but not test all 700, maybe about 200, biased sample)
60
sample
people being tested
61
random sample
member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to represent the whole
62
representative sample
smaller group of the larger group being tested
63
biased sample
non random sample of a population; doesn't properly represent larger population
64
experimental group
group of people that receive the variable in the experiment
65
control group
group of people that do not get the variable and used as a benchmark to look at
66
placebo
control group
67
single-blind study
controls for subject (experimenter knows)
68
double-blind study
controls for experimenter (neither subject nor experimenter knows)
69
Parkinson's disease
chronic disease that involved muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and facial paralysis
70
surfactant
chemical substance produced by fetus, 30 weeks after conception that coats the surface of the lung, decreasing surface tension and allowing breathing to occur more easily
71
ethics
Miligram Experiment, 25% of people stropped when they didn't hear from person and 75% kept going to finish the study even if they thought/knew that the student was dead
72
IRB (Human Subjects Committee)
group of people of any institution who review the study for ethical reasons
73
voluntary
participation is voluntary
74
no deceit unless necessary
deceit shall not be used unless absolutely necessary
75
no harm to the subjects
nothing must be done to harm the subject physically of psychologically
76
confidentiality of result
results must be kept confidential
77
self-fulfilling prophecy
when person lives up to or down to expectations;
78
halo effect
bias where our overall impression influences how we think/feel of someone
79
approaches to development
longitudinal study, cross- sectional study, and sequential sequences
80
longitudinal
testing same people repeatedly over a long period of time
81
cross- sectional
selecting different groups of subjects, testing them once, and comparing them to one another
82
sequential-strategies approach
start with cross-sectional studies (ages 10,20,30) and then do longitudinal every 10 years, test more groups that you would longitudinally but fewer than cross-sectional, test more groups that you would cross-sectional but fewer than longitudinal
83
Berkeley Study
we thought development stopped at age 21 and you were done after that
84
Fels Study
wanted to know if aggressive children became aggressive adults; some were aggressive and became aggressive and other did not
85
Cohort
(people born in the same time period) testing one year and not the same with others
86
practice-effect
practice/learn how to answer questions
87
cohort-specific effect
group born & raised in same period of time; results don't apply to anyone in the world
88
non-generalizability
see effects on early experience in later development; lets us use subjects as our own control group
89
visual acuity
20/400 (newborn)
20/150 (6 months)
20/20 (18 months)
90
Stimulus Preference Technique
If we are exposed to different things, we focus on the thing we like better ; if the babies couldn’t see the striped on the shirt, we take the adult and ask them
91
nature-nurture controversy
looked at the study mcgraw did with readiness; the staircase and how long it took to climb the stairs
92
inheritance of acquired characteristics
Lamarck; if you look at giraffes, as time went on they got taller and their necks got taller because trees got taller so they changed to fit environment
93
survival of the fittest
Darwin, natural selection (those with best traits survive)
94
Galton
3 recommendations:
everything is biological determined because everything runs in the families so therefore
1. if people have a undesirable trait, we should lock them up and throw it away,
2. people have desirable traits so we should force them to mate; 3. if any family has a member with an undesirable trait, we should keep them from reproduced
95
mutations
alterations of genes
96
critical period
Scott; period between which something will not occur
97
sensitive period
period of maximum susceptibility to a particular kind of stimulation
98
W.I.C.
provide food to those children; what is contained in diet prenatally affects development
99
Skodak and Skeels
Midwest orphanage; caregiver said they have two kids they cant do anything with, put into institution with mentally retarded and once put there, they began to function normally and they saw that they didn’t get enough individualized attention
100
readiness (McGraw)
stairclimbing; point biological/psychological development where environment makes difference.... 10 months of age, learned in 3 months, 1 hour a day to climb.. if its genetic other identical twin would climb at 13 months and if it is nature, three months from that point, but she would learn in one week
101
interactionists
both environment and biology; heredity and environment, nature and nurture, interact from the moment of conception, (ex: down syndrome person and one normal both sit in closet, both haven't learned anything..)
102
concordance
degree of similarity on particular trait as a unction of relatedness
103
MZ monozygotic twins, DZ etc,
look in notebook ,it makes more sense
104
teratogens
environmental factors causing development defects
105
phocomelia
thalidomide; prevented morning sickness until babies were born with no limbs
106
N.I.C.U
give the babies one hour of petting; gained more weight quickly, off ventilator quickly, overcome med probs, went home quickly
107
WAIS
- adult intelligence scale
- test vocab, math, memory...etc
- you can use this test for 16 years old to end of life
108
WISC
intelligence scale for children
| -used to test kids 6-16
109
WPPSI
- preschool and primary scale of intelligence
| - used to test ages 2-6
110
test wiseness
refers to those who take tests on a regular bases, are better test takers than those who do not
111
bad-day effect
we don't know is the score is an effective one
112
shellen eye test
tests 20/20 vision
| -Big E or shapes
113
rules for teaching
1. subject is physically capable of performing response
2. capable of perceiving stimulus
3. motivated to perform
4. access the subject's operant level, (baseline) functioning (prior to the study)
5. the reinforcer is reinforcing the subject
