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Psychology 230 > PSY 230 EXAM 1 TERMINOLOGY > Flashcards

PSY 230 EXAM 1 TERMINOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

womb to tomb

A

conception to death

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2
Q

miniature adults

A

children are miniature adults

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3
Q

New Amsterdam

A

law that said any parent could have their child put to death if they disobeyed

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4
Q

John Locke

A

tabula rasa Nurturist

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5
Q

tabula rasa

A

born with minds of blank slate/ knowing nothing

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6
Q

nurturist

A

the environment we grow up in puts info on our “blackboard”

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7
Q

Skinner

A

rewards and punishments shape development; the key aspect of development is behavior; behavior with a reward is more likely to recur than a punishing stimulus

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8
Q

Chomsky

A

babbling begins at 2 months of age in all normal babies and contains sounds of all languages in the world, will remain up to 6 months of age after which sounds not reinforced disappear.

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9
Q

Rousseau

A

noble savage Nurturist; born knowing right from wrong/ biological basis

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10
Q

Naturist

A

biological basis

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11
Q

interactionists

A

environment and biology play a part in learning

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12
Q

Pilgrims

A

thought that children were mini adults

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13
Q

Classical Methods

A

Baby Biography, Questionnaire, and Case History

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14
Q

Baby Biography

A

Tiedermann; find out what environment they grew up in and observe their behavior, but he wanted the child to be observed 24/7; many people were illiterate so records couldn’t be kept

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15
Q

Questionnaire

A

Hall and Chaille; people still needed to read and write and people could have trouble being honest if someone Is there asking them

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16
Q

Faking Scale

A

(M.M.P.I) help us find people giving honest answer

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17
Q

yeah-sayers/nay sayers

A

get stuck in certain mode of responding/ease of analyzability

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18
Q

Case History

A

Freud; finding out how and why something happened; atypical situation, go back and ask info; problems: memory, unhonest answers and strange behavior

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19
Q

DES

A

synthetic hormone that prevented miscarriages; caused cancer and it went to the children of the mother that took it

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20
Q

Descriptive Methods

A

watching behavior and recording what you see

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21
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

observing subject w/o cooperation/ knowledge in normal setting

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22
Q

Structured Observation

A

observing subject w/o cooperation/knowledge in setting of the experimenter’s choosing

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23
Q

Correlational Methods

A

relationship between two or more variables/make predictions

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24
Q

r=

A

correlation coefficient

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25
Q

r=0
r=-1.00
r=+1.00

A

no relationship
perfect relationship
perfect relationship

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26
Q

direct relationship

A

both go up or both go down

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27
Q

inverse relationship

A

as one goes up, the other goes down or vice versa

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28
Q

perfect relationship

A

-1.00 and +1.00

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29
Q

strong relationship

A

closer to 1

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30
Q

weak relationship

A

closer to 0

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31
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

A

develop a test to determine who would do good or bad in school; first IQ test

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32
Q

Bettelheim

A 
correlational study to see:
(A) Autistic Children (show repetitiveness, self abusive behavior
(B) refrigerator parents (cold mean)
- A causes B
-B causes A
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33
Q

Schizophrenogenic

A

(genic) causing Schizophrenia

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34
Q

ex post facto study

A

after the subject assigns themselves to groups based on characteristics they possess prior to the start of the study

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35
Q

cross-cultural study

A

look at particular behavior in two or more societies throughout the world

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36
Q

universalities

A

find behavior is the same in every culture

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37
Q

babbling

A

Chomsky and that it begins at 2 months of age in all normal babies and contains sounds of all languages in the world and will remain up to 6 months of age after which the sounds not reinforced will disappear

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38
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A

built into the organism and kicks on at 2 months of age

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39
Q

Margaret Mead

A

gender identity in New Guinea:
Tribe A: male- dominant, aggressive, and independent
females- passive, dependent, and pregnant
Tribe B: females- providers and protectors males-passive and dependent
Tribe C: males or females- providers/protectors
males or females- passive/dependent
NOT BIOLOGICALLY DETERMINED

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40
Q

Androgyny

A

display masculine or feminine characteristics

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41
Q

Comparative Study

A

look at behavior in different studies

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42
Q

ASL/ Ameslan

A

got a chimp Washoe and raised her like child and when she was 18 months, she signed mama/papa.. 2 years, she was combining words

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43
Q

Discrimination Learning

A

showing subjects a group of objects that differ in some way and asking the subjects to discriminate between the objects and choose the right one

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44
Q

verbal mediation

A

what adults use to solve the problems

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45
Q

abstract thought

A

solving problem in head using logic: not particular, looking at size & direction

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46
Q

concrete thought

A

very specific/particular; how children think(the box always got me M&Ms

47
Q

forebrain

A

thinking, problem solving, cognitive processing, language, math

48
Q

midbrain

A

sensory relay system

49
Q

hindbrain

A

autonomic functioning, breathing, heart care

50
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

when a cerebral biopsy is done, there is damage to the forebrain, and is not seen until biopsy is done; start acting like children/rat

51
Q

PKU

A

missing enzymes causing developmental delay (can’t digest dairy products)

52
Q

Goals of Research

A

Describe
Explain
Predict
Control (the environment so development will occur) (children at park runs to mother crying…why?)

53
Q

Experimental Studies

A

best type of study giving us cause and effect

54
Q

hypothesis

A

“if then” form

55
Q

independent variable

A

what experimenter is giving subject (showing violence to kids or no)

56
Q

dependent variable

A

(how the children acted towards the violence)

57
Q

extraneous (confounding) variable

A

time, temp, food you ate..

58
Q

operational definition

A

observable/measureable events (ex: looking at people in the room to see who is in love)

59
Q

population

A

entire group of people that you are interested in (ex: wanting to see how much people learn in psych 230 but get random names to see grades but not test all 700, maybe about 200, biased sample)

60
Q

sample

A

people being tested

61
Q

random sample

A

member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to represent the whole

62
Q

representative sample

A

smaller group of the larger group being tested

63
Q

biased sample

A

non random sample of a population; doesn’t properly represent larger population

64
Q

experimental group

A

group of people that receive the variable in the experiment

65
Q

control group

A

group of people that do not get the variable and used as a benchmark to look at

66
Q

placebo

A

control group

67
Q

single-blind study

A

controls for subject (experimenter knows)

68
Q

double-blind study

A

controls for experimenter (neither subject nor experimenter knows)

69
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

chronic disease that involved muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and facial paralysis

70
Q

surfactant

A

chemical substance produced by fetus, 30 weeks after conception that coats the surface of the lung, decreasing surface tension and allowing breathing to occur more easily

71
Q

ethics

A

Miligram Experiment, 25% of people stropped when they didn’t hear from person and 75% kept going to finish the study even if they thought/knew that the student was dead

72
Q

IRB (Human Subjects Committee)

A

group of people of any institution who review the study for ethical reasons

73
Q

voluntary

A

participation is voluntary

74
Q

no deceit unless necessary

A

deceit shall not be used unless absolutely necessary

75
Q

no harm to the subjects

A

nothing must be done to harm the subject physically of psychologically

76
Q

confidentiality of result

A

results must be kept confidential

77
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when person lives up to or down to expectations;

78
Q

halo effect

A

bias where our overall impression influences how we think/feel of someone

79
Q

approaches to development

A

longitudinal study, cross- sectional study, and sequential sequences

80
Q

longitudinal

A

testing same people repeatedly over a long period of time

81
Q

cross- sectional

A

selecting different groups of subjects, testing them once, and comparing them to one another

82
Q

sequential-strategies approach

A

start with cross-sectional studies (ages 10,20,30) and then do longitudinal every 10 years, test more groups that you would longitudinally but fewer than cross-sectional, test more groups that you would cross-sectional but fewer than longitudinal

83
Q

Berkeley Study

A

we thought development stopped at age 21 and you were done after that

84
Q

Fels Study

A

wanted to know if aggressive children became aggressive adults; some were aggressive and became aggressive and other did not

85
Q

Cohort

A

(people born in the same time period) testing one year and not the same with others

86
Q

practice-effect

A

practice/learn how to answer questions

87
Q

cohort-specific effect

A

group born & raised in same period of time; results don’t apply to anyone in the world

88
Q

non-generalizability

A

see effects on early experience in later development; lets us use subjects as our own control group

89
Q

visual acuity

A

20/400 (newborn)
20/150 (6 months)
20/20 (18 months)

90
Q

Stimulus Preference Technique

A

If we are exposed to different things, we focus on the thing we like better ; if the babies couldn’t see the striped on the shirt, we take the adult and ask them

91
Q

nature-nurture controversy

A

looked at the study mcgraw did with readiness; the staircase and how long it took to climb the stairs

92
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Lamarck; if you look at giraffes, as time went on they got taller and their necks got taller because trees got taller so they changed to fit environment

93
Q

survival of the fittest

A

Darwin, natural selection (those with best traits survive)

94
Q

Galton

A

3 recommendations:
everything is biological determined because everything runs in the families so therefore
1. if people have a undesirable trait, we should lock them up and throw it away,
2. people have desirable traits so we should force them to mate; 3. if any family has a member with an undesirable trait, we should keep them from reproduced

95
Q

mutations

A

alterations of genes

96
Q

critical period

A

Scott; period between which something will not occur

97
Q

sensitive period

A

period of maximum susceptibility to a particular kind of stimulation

98
Q

W.I.C.

A

provide food to those children; what is contained in diet prenatally affects development

99
Q

Skodak and Skeels

A

Midwest orphanage; caregiver said they have two kids they cant do anything with, put into institution with mentally retarded and once put there, they began to function normally and they saw that they didn’t get enough individualized attention

100
Q

readiness (McGraw)

A

stairclimbing; point biological/psychological development where environment makes difference…. 10 months of age, learned in 3 months, 1 hour a day to climb.. if its genetic other identical twin would climb at 13 months and if it is nature, three months from that point, but she would learn in one week

101
Q

interactionists

A

both environment and biology; heredity and environment, nature and nurture, interact from the moment of conception, (ex: down syndrome person and one normal both sit in closet, both haven’t learned anything..)

102
Q

concordance

A

degree of similarity on particular trait as a unction of relatedness

103
Q

MZ monozygotic twins, DZ etc,

A

look in notebook ,it makes more sense

104
Q

teratogens

A

environmental factors causing development defects

105
Q

phocomelia

A

thalidomide; prevented morning sickness until babies were born with no limbs

106
Q

N.I.C.U

A

give the babies one hour of petting; gained more weight quickly, off ventilator quickly, overcome med probs, went home quickly

107
Q

WAIS

A
  • adult intelligence scale
  • test vocab, math, memory…etc
  • you can use this test for 16 years old to end of life
108
Q

WISC

A

intelligence scale for children

-used to test kids 6-16

109
Q

WPPSI

A
  • preschool and primary scale of intelligence

- used to test ages 2-6

110
Q

test wiseness

A

refers to those who take tests on a regular bases, are better test takers than those who do not

111
Q

bad-day effect

A

we don’t know is the score is an effective one

112
Q

shellen eye test

A

tests 20/20 vision

-Big E or shapes

113
Q

rules for teaching

A
  1. subject is physically capable of performing response
  2. capable of perceiving stimulus
  3. motivated to perform
  4. access the subject’s operant level, (baseline) functioning (prior to the study)
  5. the reinforcer is reinforcing the subject

Psychology 230 (2 decks)

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