Exam 2 Terminology Flashcards
theory
set of ideas that helps to explain a phenomena
Id
major portion of personality; unconscious, aggressive part/impulses
-present at birth
pleasure principle
I want it now!
-demand for immediate impulses
Ego
functions according to reality; takes into account present and future consequences
Superego
takes in the rights and wrongs of society
conscience
internal value system
ego-ideal
person’s internalized perfect gender identity
tertiary process thinking
139
fixation
get stuck in stage
age-defined
Erickson’s stages
behaviorally defined
Freud’s stages
Freud
psychosexual stages
regression
can go back to stage
oral stage
teething, eating
anal stage
toilet training (1 1/2-3yrs old)
phallic stage
masturbation (3-7yrs old)
latency
libido is like “what is going on” and shuts down (7-11yrs old)
genital stage
sexual maturity (age 11) interest in the opposite sex/reproduction
oral aggressive
using mouth to attack other people before you are attacked
oral dependent
uses their mouth to constantly wine and ask people to do stuff for them
anal expulsive
don’t worry about it attitude
anal retentive
fixating on time aka Will
Oedipus Complex
castration anxiety
-little boy realizes that “dad was the one who cut penises off person trying to steal mom
Oedipus Complex/castration anxiety
castration anxiety
-little boy realizes that “dad was the one who cut penises off person trying to steal mom
Electra Complex/penis envy
when girl does what mom says/does and develops mom’s internal values to get dad to like her
psychosocial crisis
notion that throughout development, behavior develops along a continuum and the ends of that continuum give you name of stage and identify what psychosocial crisis is
trust vs mistrust
way caregivers treat you; don’t want 100%
autonomy vs doubt
autonomy: trust myself/independence
doubt: negativistic, reverse psychology (shame)
initiative vs guilt
initiative: something needs to get done so you do it because you learned it
guilt: have child feel guilt when they do something accidently
industry vs inferiority
industry: ability to get work done; capable of doing work, follow through
inferiority: as kids, if someone got a 98 and you got a 99, you would make fun of them, but now as adults, we hide that and don’t say that they are stupid.
identity vs role confusion
-who am I and what am I doing with my life
intimacy vs isolation
intimacy: I care about, you care about me; mutuality
isolation: I don’t care about anyone; no mutual relationship
generativity vs self absorption
generativity: concern for future generations of the world
self-absorption: only care about me; whats good for me
integrity vs despair
integrity: have I done what I wanted to do with my life
despair: didn’t do what you wanted to do
piaget
cognitive (intellectual) theorist
assimilation
responding to new stimulation and using it to already existing manner
ex: dada
not mailman, milkman, other men
accommodation
change in response to benefit real world
ex: differences in birdies; airplanes; kites;
accommodation
change in response to benefit real world
ex: differences in birdies; airplanes; kites;
sensorimotor stage
starts at birth -1 1/2 yrs of age) 1st stage of piaget
imagery
(actually don’t see until 6 months)
having a mental picture
habituation
individual will stop responding to same stimulus that’s repeated
dishabituation
infant will start responding again if a new slightly different stimulus is presented after habituation has occurred.
object permanence
objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, touched, etc
preoperational stage
2nd stage of piaget
egocentrism
negativistic
they want to do what they want to do and favorite word is no
symbolism
using symbols with getting what you want
conservation of mass
(7)
looks at two cups with same amount; pour one into taller cup and they will say taller cup is bigger and has more
conservation of weight
(9) something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes.
conservation of volume
(11) realizes they are the same even if appearance changes; looks at three dimensions not surface area
conservation of volume
(11) realizes they are the same even if appearance changes; looks at three dimensions not surface area
seriation
refers to the ability to sort objects or situations according to any characteristic, such as size, color, shape, or type.
concrete operational
3rd stage of piaget
abstract thought
tell them how you get home rather them having to show you concretely
formal operational
4th stage of piaget
(11-end of life)
if you took course recently, you can think quicker and if you have done it a lot, it comes easier
moral realism (objective morality)
under 7
no intentions, just consequences
moral relativism (subjective morality)
over 7
intentions matter more than consequences
Kohlberg
moral development theorist
preconventional level
(1st stage of Kohlberg)usually 4-9)
level that is present at birth
obedience-punishment orientation
(1st substage of preconventional )follow rules to avoid punishment
naively-egoistic orientation
(2nd substage of preconventional)
do things to get good stuff for yourself
conventional level
2nd stage of Kohlberg
cant get in until 9, but out at least at 16)
good-boy-nice girl orientation
(1st substage conventional)do it for the approval of others (teens want approval from peers)
authority-social order maintenance order
(2nd substage conventional) mankind is full of coas and laws are there to keep order
post-conventional level
(3rd stage of Kohlberg) (10% of population)
contractual-legalistic orientation
(1st substage of post conventional)
laws and authority figures are in charge because we chose them to be; we may not necessarily agree
conscience-principle orientation
individual does something because they honestly believe it is the right thing to do
Pavlov
(classical conditioning)
two stimuli paired together until they care to be responded to in the same way
ex: wait until dad comes home; punishment =dad
skinner
(operant (instrumental) conditioning) learning by reinforcement; requiring response to come closer to desired response before reinforcement
successive approximation (shaping)
reinforce it but require more each time to get what you really want at the end
Bandura
observational (social) learning; modeling
learning by watching others
prenatal development
40 weeks
ovum and sperm
gametes ; haploid 23 chromosomes
ovum +sperm
zygote; diploid 46 chromosomes
sex cells
gametes=ovum, sperm- each have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
androsperm
y-carrying
gynosperm
x-carrying
punk chromosome
misses part of strand; missing genetic material
sex-linked traits
hemophilia (blood doesn’t clot normally so you bleed profusely with biggest cut)
color-blindness
recessive traits
carried on x chromosome
conception
fertilization
fallopian tube
where eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus
period of the ovum (gamete)
1st 2 weeks after conception. Ends with implantation. Period of rapid multiplication, no differentiation
period of the embryo
2-8 weeks after conception. Period of rapid cell differentiation. All organs form properly or they never will. Critical Period of Prenatal development. TERATOGENS.
period of the fetus
8-40 weeks after conception Period of rapid growth. (10 inches at 20 weeks; 20 inches at 40 weeks) Gestational age Quickening. Cutoff for viability (24 weeks; 500 grams)
implantation
attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall; 11-15 days after conception
cell differentiation
specialization of cells to perform tasks (one week after conception)
critical period
embryonic period because of teratogens
inner mass of embryo
Ectoderm - outer layer of the baby skin, hair, nails, nervous system • Mesoderm - middle layer of the baby - muscles and bones - includes circulatory and excretory systems • Endoderm - inner layer of the baby - all other internal organs and glands – i.e., stomach, lungs, pancreas, etc
outer mass of embryo
Amnion = amniotic sac - contains amniotic fluid - tested in amniocentesis. • Chorion = membrane developing into Placenta (2 way filter between mom + baby) Umbilical Cord = lifeline between mom and baby
amnion-amniotic sac
bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid where the developing embryo floats
amniocentesis
done at 16 weeks or later - yields Karyotype (chromosomal map)
chorion
gives placenta and umbilical cord
placenta
filter that attached to mom
umbilical cord
life line tunnel where all nutrients pass through
chorionic villi sampling
done as early as 6 weeks after conception. -yields Karyotype.
karotype
chromosomal map; tell if there is broken or damaged chromosomes; the one way to tell the sex of the baby;
ultrasound (sonar)
sound waves that you can see problems with organs and limbs and size of pelvis
gestational age
describe how far along the pregnancy is
quickening
first fetal’s movement
cut off for viability
24 weeks; 500 grams approximate
surfactant
chemical substances produced by fetus that coats the lung and decreases surface tension (survanta)
tocolytic agents
drugs that stop labor
meconium
dark green substance that can go into amniotic fluid
cant go to lungs because it will destroy lung cells
thalidomide (phocomelia)
medication that caused severe limb deformity
D.E.S
no miscarriage drug; caused cervical cancer 25 yrs later
tetracycline
antibiotics
phenobarbitol
tranquilizer/anti convulsant for those with seizure disorders
hallucinogens
LSD, causing chromosomal damage, defective child
cocaine
affect organs and cause placenta to detach prematurely
fetal alcohol syndrome
baby exposed to mother who dinks during pregannacy; high pitched cry; FLK, funny looking kids; be very irritable and as they get older; they are extraordinarily hyperactive
teratogens
smoking, drugs, caffeine
cathode ray tubules
teratogenic; the radiation; type of radiation from TV sets
german measles (rubella)
cause deafness and heart defects
IDM (infant of diabetic mother)
mothers who are diabetic or mothers who aren’t diabetic, babies could have gestational diabetes or they could get diabetes during pregnancy
HIV/AIDS
no way to cure it; check to see if there are HIV antibodies; sometimes it passes through placenta and sometimes no
herpes
embryonic CNS disease; do C-section before membrane ruptures; spread on contact
gonorrhea
causes blindness exposed at time of delivery
C-section to avoid contact in birth canal
syphilis
treated with penicillin; turned into dementia
destroys CNS in offspring
adrenaline
affects CNS and CNS of babies
