PSY 223 Exam 2 Flashcards
Attitude
relatively enduring, general evaluation of an object/concept
can be negative and positive
Are our attitudes connected to our sense of self and viec versa?
yes
self-concept is tied to the attitude object
2 ways attitudes are developed
genetically (inherited traits and personality features) and experience (indirect and direct w attitude objects)
ABC’s of attitudes
Affective, behavioral, Cognitive
How are attitudes Affective?
the emotional impact of attitudes
I think Spider-Man is cool and awesome
How are attitudes Behavioral?
our attitude impacts our behavior
Because I think Spider-Man is cool, I’d buy Spider-man merch
how are attitudes Cognitive?
the logical reason behind your attitude
I like Spider-Man because he embodies values I find moral and inspiring
Attitude strength
the importance of an attitude depends on how quickly it comes to mind
attitude’s strength determines the influence attitude has on behavior
relies on Availibiloty Heuristic
Mere Exposure Effect
we develop preferences for a stimulus/object just if we’ve had repeated exposure to it
attitudes are a (BLANK) variable to behavior
mediator or moderator?
mediator
indirect experience increases attitude’s affect on behavior
false
direct experience is better. indirect works but direct is better.
does being drunk affect your attitude-behavior consistency?
yes!
elaboration liklihood model of persuasion
explains how the social environment and communication changes attitudes
central route
more thinking, active, more effortful, type 2. high thinking
peripheral route
less thinking, less effortful, passive, type 1, heuristic, low thinking
sleeper effect
discount the speaker’s credibility, but the message content creeps in over time
those disney bags i hate on on but secretly they’re growing on me
Attitude inoculation
the process of resisting strong arguments/messages by practicing resisting weaker versions of the same arguments
baby steps
forewarning
warning people that you’re going to try and change their attitude (My opponant will say…) to try and counteract it
foot in the door technique
agreement to small requests increases the likliness of agreeing to a second/larger request
the door in the face technique
disagreeing to a high-value option increases the liklihoos of agreeing to a low value option
low balling technique
agreeing to a small cost increases the liklihood of agreement if the price is raised
bait and switch technique
agreeing to a high value option increases the likliness of agreeing to a low value option
the self
the totality of the individual, consisting of all characteristic attributes, conscious and unconscious (mental+physcial)
self-focused attention
the direction of conscious attention on oneself and one’s thoughts/needs/desires/emotions/capacity of an individual to analyze and evaluate their mental/emotional states
self consciousness
publically induced self awareness
self monitoring
the tendency to be both motivated and capable (ELM) of regulatingour behavior to meet the demands of social situations
self concept
one’s description and evaluation of oneself (all encompassing, beliefs and attitudes, as well as physcial etc)
cognitive schema
a collection of basic knowledge about a concept or entity that serves as a guide to perception, interprettion, imagination, or problem solving
self complexity
the extent to which individuals have many different and indepenadnt ways of thinking about themselves
i am a student, a daughter, a friend, an artist
the looking glass self
cooley
process wherein you base your sense of self on how you believe others see you
social comparison
when we learn about our abilities and skills etc by comparing ourselves with others
person perception
the process through which people think about, appraise, and evaluate other people
impression formation
the process in which an individual develops a schema of some person or group
impression formation is about HOW this schema is developed
initial impression formation
we immediately assign in-groups and out-groups, assess for danger, think of physical traits over non-physical when describing us, and typically focus on the nonverbal > verbal traits
primacy effect
information we learn first is weighed more than what which comes later
recency effect
information more recently obtained weighs more than information obstained earlier
causal attributions
inferences about the cause of an event
social attributions
inferences regarding the cause of a PERSON’S behavior or interpersonal event
disproportional attribution
infer that behavior was caused by the person
personality psychologists love this one
also called internal or personal attribution
situational attribution
infer that the behavior was casued by the situation, not the person
social psychologists love this one
also called external attribution
actor-observeer difference
tendency to make more personal attributions for the behavior of others more than we do for ourselves and make more situational attributionsfor ourselves than others
Attributional analysis theory
communicator (A) expresses an expectation for a position. when the expectation is disconfirmed, message recipients (B) are more persuaded than if it had gone as expected
A thinks class will suck and says so to B.
After class, if A is like “ok that wasnt bad” B is more likely to believe that as being genuine, compared to if A still said class sucked.
covariation principle
a given behavior is more likey to have been caused by the situation if that behavior changes across situations
if the behavior is unique to the situation it follows this principle
covariation information people tend to focus on
3 types
consistency info, distinctiveness info, and consensus info
consistency information
a situation = the cause of behavior if the situation ALWAYS produces said behavior
behavior consistant to said situation
distinctiveness information
a situation seems to be the cause of a behavior if the behavior occurs when the situaiton is present and not when it is not present
behavior distinct to said situation
consensus information
a situation seems to be the cause of a behavior if the situation creates the same behavior in most people
situation causes same/similar behavior in most people
Entity vs incremental theorists
people who believe traits are fundamentally stable and incapable of change, and people who believe that personalities change a lot over time
entity = stable and no change. incremental = change.
interpersonal attraction
the strength of our liking/loving for another person
what is physical attraction determined by?
youth, symmetry, averageness (vs distinct features), health, masculinity/femininity
physical attractiveness steryotype
if someone is hot we tend to percieve them as having positive characteristics
physical attraction is important in initial attraction, and grows more important in long term
false
intially, yeah its important, but long term its not so weighted.
birds of a feather flock together > opposites attract
true
social exchange theory
social partcipants seeks to maintain their beliefs (the rewards they receive minus the costs they incur) within the limits of what is regarded as fair or just
why does mere exposure make us prefer stimuli over others
the more we see something, the more we FEEL we know about them (seeing multiple different situations)
Affect-asInformation hypothesis
we take info from our affective state, which influences decision making and behavior
so if im in a negative affective state, im more likely to act negatively
reciprocal self-disclosure
tendency for all parties in a relationship to communicate frequently without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting, genuine, empathetic manner
romantic or platonic!!
communal relationship
close and intimate, suspend your needs for equity exchange, giving support to your partner in order to meet their needs.
if im sick, you’ll help me out with my chores, and i’d do the same.
exchange relationships
relationships where each partner tracks their contributions ot the partnership
i bought you thta sprite four years ago and you still owe me $1.97
committment
the feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain the relationship
interdependant (relationship)
memeners of a close relationshiprely to a great degree on each other to meet their needs and goals
(still healthy. yes i rely on you, but i will not die without you.)
codependant (relationship)
memebers of a relationship are mutually reliant on each other to meet their needs and goals
(unhealthy, if we break up i wont be able to like actually function)
instrumental aggression
planned aggression. intentional
bullying
affective aggression
non-planned aggression. occurs with only a small amount of intent and that is determined mostly by impulsive emotion
also called emmotional/impulse aggression. good example: punching a wall
does catharsis work for anger or sadness?
no!
seeing violent imagry etc will increase those feelings!!
